gramtyka 2

m v i nu 11 • im

m v i nu 11 • im

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i Mil .lic hurt herself?

Yr\ hor wrist.

W herc did all the water flow?

Downstairs.

Why did Helen fly out of the roorn m .1 r.igc? liceausc of what her father said.

What did her father forbid her lo do ?

('.o out with Denis.

I Iow did her father deal with hci ?

By stopping her monthly allowancc.

Why did Denis stroke Helen's band ?

To try and calm her down.

What rumour did Helen's friends spread ? That she was going to get married.

What did Marilyn weave her rugs on ?

The looms over there.

How much did she raise her prices by? Fifteen per cent.

When did the question of a bank loan arise? At the directors' meeting.

When did they broadcast the news?

.lust now, on the BBC.

IB Tense use for fact: review

Intmductory notę: Verb tenses in English fali into two main categories: l bose used for fact and those used for non-fact. By fact we mean what we nc.ii* ,is real or quite possible. Non-fact is what is supposedt or wished for, which is either unreal or improbable. Herc are some examples:

I became Managing Director five years

ago.    FACT

I'11 soon    be sixty.    fact

I wish I    were    Managing Director!    non-fact: wish

rhen I'd have an office on the top

floor.    non-fact: supposition

l • • 1 In dli cci ly related to time, and so generally is the tense use. Non-fact has

.....Im - 11 1 rl.itinnship with time and neither has the tense use. Non-fact tense

....... »ill willi in sections ID and 1E. Tense use for fact is reviewed in this

M i 1 i -ii nul in i ('. in section 1F both kinds of use are compared and MHHDMI IfclUli

♦ M'»H fH M iii !•• 1 • 11 *» l.ul In IIiIn sciisc indudes fiction.

Illl ||V)'Hl lii MMi ♦ im n . ii Im mmiii* gr.imm.ii books together willi iiypoiiii sin, which in Ihis book is > dłut M't'i imi♦ ihh

'i mi -.IimiiM nhrady luj familiar with EngJish tenscs and lo a large extent willi ilu n hm mml mi what follows immediately below is in the naturę ol 11■ v i ■. i«»11 .• i hal yOli can refresh and exercise your knowledge. The Examplcs m i mii irnsrs hu lach logether with their English names, divided into the m n u .nul ilu pikx;rissive form (called continuous in some books). The i pl.iiirtllon draws attention to the morc important points regarding their use. i !»• i Im e I xei eises deal first with the present and past tenses, then with i* n « i< l.n ing to futurę time, and finally with all tenses.

I s.imples

i (11 />e< orne Managing Director five	TENSES (SIMPLE) PAST	a
\ • ar. ago. 1 (2) had been Personnel	PAST PERFECT	b
Maiiugn loi I liree years and | ') fulned/had joined the firm in 1970,	PAST/PAST PERFECT	a, b
m> 1 ( l) hewe been here for fifteen years.	PRESENT PERFECT	c
I (’*| work in an office on the top floor.	PRESENT	d
i jr»| retire in live years. I think I	PRESENT (FUTURĘ USE)	e
| /) irtll/shall go and live in the	FUTURĘ	f, r
• omu iy l (K) will/shall have been with	FUTURĘ PERFECT	8' ^r

ihe In iii lor twenty years by then.

	TENSES jPROGRESSIVI )	s
1 (*>) (Mas still working at eight o'clock	PAST	h
yeslnday evening. I (10) had been	PAST PHRPKCT	i
working sińce early morning. We 111) haw been working very hard at	PRESENT 1*1 KI I (1	k
ilu ofllee lately as we (12)are	PRESENT	I
negoUating an important contract. I mmii i ow 1(13) amflying to Milan.	PN KMIN l (PUTUNU HM )	m
| II) Will ii still be raining like t h is	EUT URI.	n, r
w hen 1 gei back, I wonder? I hope ooi bccausel (15) amgoing to lakę a	go Ing t< i	P
lew days offassoon as I can. I (lh) 7/	1 Ol ONE IM IIEIU 1	q, r

hoir been working non-stop for ovei l hrec wecks.

I|s planalion

i mam SImple refers (1,3) to a polni ol time In ih<* past or 'then' (Jive years i Igo, IV7U) which answers the qucstion When?' The time point may not