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“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. ” Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing the crowds in Washington on August 28, 1963

WHAT’S IN A NAME?

Gandhi was known to his followers as Mahatma, which means “great soul” in Hindu. The name denotes a person of great spirituality and wisdom.

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In numbers

Long walk to freedom

■ Bom in 1918, Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison—18 of which were in solitary confinement—for his opposition to South Africa’s apartheid (segregation) laws.

■ Black South Africans had no civil rights, even though they greatly outnumbered white South Africans.

Mandela led the military wing of the ANC (African National Congress), the party fighting for the unity of all Africans. He was charged with planning to overthrow the government.

Four years after his release in 1990, he led the ANC to victory in South Africa’s first multi-racial election.

New nations

After World War II, colonies in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, and the Caribbean demanded the right to govern themselves. European countries, however, were often reluctant to hand over power. The years of decolonization (1945-1980) saw bitter conflicts in many parts of the world as around 90 new countries won their independence.

years of conflict	country fighting for independence	defeated power
1945-1949	Indonesia	Netherlands
1946-1954	Indochina (Vietnam)	France
1952-1956	Tunisia	France
1952-1960	Kenya	U.K.
1954-1962	Algeria	France
1961-1975	Angola	Portugal
1962-1974	Guinea-Bissau	Portugal
1964-1974	Mozambique	Portugal
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Civil rights

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