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Grammar reference

Unit i

Talking about the past

Past simple

Yoii usc rhc pii si miii pic to t.UK about a comiilctcd t*\*cni in the pa\t 1 hc unie rclcrcnce is cithwr ^iu-ii or fe elear from thc mMtćatl:

/ my first jitj* m 2004

Dirf \\*ti jurt the jobs that n om applird for laM weck)

in iiarfaCłves. you ofieu usc thc past simph tu talk about rhc key cvents ot the Mory

/ hod my e$r ngM up ugmnsi the Joor fot the thitd mierz u jmł l jotted down tłu ifucstuws and < łtiśfiktrs

Past continuous

Unit 2

Reporting on a survey Expressing contrast

Hut is iłu- nioM cornnion contra«tivt |_inL Aiosł oj //< oten u nudnie, but ortly u

• ^C*^>> *7 (I

Yrt emphasiws that somethin# _{f>s SUrpr <} ojAmericam thinkgum diouldh.J-gun iniju rship /, ut un ałl-iitne high

You usc rhc past oonunucus to talk about ąn acovity m progres* ąf a ccrtain rime in thc past. You otien usc ii to give the hackground in a iiairaaw;

/ ntis waiting mik ihoihcrs otuside th* inn >. u ?v naw*.

YiHi »iiso usc rhc past continuous to descrihe an action in progres* when anorher action happcncJ:

. }\ w ay thn wg/t, as zve were chatting away. fu c&łtu.' itti

Past perfecf simple and continuous

Ybu usc the past perfecf to talk ąfoout an event or acbvity that took place before artother cvent in the past or before ihe u me of thc mam events of the story: fht imcnieic zcas supposed to be :vith a nmn and a ip&miin, bul hi d be en lut Id up in trapu.

You use the past perfecf continuous to show that an aetńin wa> m progres* over a period ot rime

By nu dtm they mtkd nu-. Fd been watting jor ages.

be supposed to / be meant to / be going to Form

IX hen as balanccs rwo contrasung fuch, occur m the ruiddJe ar ai ihe begim \Wutreus men shop out oj mazd ty, u&tnen * / hk< gotng to ptths whereu.s my gniftund ***

/h-spiit. and /// upite pf are U »lfmved hy a thc -/>#*' form of a v_Crb ba n»nin C thc phrasc the faa that t suhjcct

Thcy e\press that something happenscitn something elsc makes it seem imiikdy. f^.' the midcile or at thc heginning of a ^tntm

(hil\ ! ' ■ o! aduh regułarl\ do an\ sport de**.

*PUi

nuijor Mtte.ern ah^ttl t/tć/r fitness In spite; of .'//< ani i-smoking lobby, many +_Ujr. He '‘('o the mat eh despitc ihe Jact that hec &

Expressing tendency

lend to and be morę less likcly to are commcę expressions to exprcs$ tendency:

W omen tend to hc morę wmaniic than men Men are much morę iifoely dian womentoe^

Hory a tendency tmeards - -MU ^łS ^^esstW6piJ usually e\presses an aspcct of behauour or

OUier pt ople ha z e a tendency tawards betą _w

Giving statistics

Herc are somc common e:

I m

1 out of

2(r

impi

of staostłcsi

Unit 3

Uses of the infinit

Verbs

You use rhe mfiniuvc after«, U't expect to arrrz^e ul abo Ih prorntsed not to tell an Somctimes thc vcrbs takc a My parenf i iihuayt encoura Herc are somc vcrbs that u

Without an object agree aim appear canft) afford can't wi intend iearn manag refu se remember s« Sometimes with an obj ask beg choose d want wou Id lifce / iov< Always with an object advise ałlow encou persuade remind te

Adjectlves

V^rou can use the infimtive s are usually adjectives expr< possibility, necessity or abi!

I zvas so surprised to see,

Are you ready to leave?

Herc are sonie ad)ectives i infinitive.

amazed anxious crazy delighted r disappointed easi good great hap (un)likely (un)luc pieased proud sad shocked s

out of i 0 said they :*cn haPp.

m thetri

was/were

supposed to meont to going to

infinitive

most tof)    ilu¹ ma fonty

less f morę than hall (oj;

Onły a rerr few sani they reg

jfi ans di

minoru;

otds a

_r-tied relocatae

Use

You car. USC zroś wen supposed to, zózs z cert: mcant to and rras were going to to talk about an evem or ftituuuon that was intended or predicted, but which didn i happen as pianne J or predicred:

The iniemeiL was supposed to be ipdh a mcm and o momem, kti beli been held up in iraffu.

_were meant to takc orf ot 10.30, but ihe flight was late 1 was gotng to pkone you eaHter, but f jusl didn V have ttme.

Vou can use thc foliowing phr jus i under ¹ over ncariy roughly getting on for Just over 40°» haz e an

Referring to a survey

Hcre are some cxantpłt> o? Aecording to the study eest The ituih I research ■ Aecording to the study The surve\' rerealed ind

es for approŁT.

#t Jpprsad

Widay&d***

Nouns

You use thc infinitiv usually nouns cxprt necessity and abilir There '$ no need to \X’hai 5 the be:-1 war Here are some no

chance dec need oepo

You can u The secre* His adi n \ The itHp&rh