Reported speech angiekski 2

_____7 Reported Speech

There are three types of Reported Speech: statements, questions and commands/requests/ suggestions.

Statements

• Reported statements are introduced with say or tell. Inverted commas are oipitted in Reported Speech. That is optional in the reported sentence.

“She is sleeping, ” Tom said. ■¹ Tom said (that) she was sleeping.

• Tenses change as follows:

Present Simpie Present Cont.

Past Simpie Past Cont.

Futurę Simpie Futurę Cont. Present Perfect Present Pert. Cont.

Direct Speech

"He plays well," she said.

"He is playing well, ” she said.

“He played well," she said.

“He was playing well," she said.

“He will play well," she said.

“He will be playing well, ” she said. “He has played well," she said.

“He has been playing well," she said.

Reported Speech

She said (that) he played well.

She said (that) he was playing well.

She said (that) he had played well.

She said (that) he had been playing well. She said (that) he would play well.

She said (that) he would be playing well. She said (that) he had played well.

She said (that) he had been playing well.

• Notę that Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain the same in Reported Speech.

• Tenses do not change in Reported Speech when
the reporting verb (said, told etc) is in the Present, Futurę or Present Perfect.	"The weather is hot, ” she says. ■^1 She says (that) the weather is hot.
the speaker expresses generał truths, permanent States or conditions.	“Water freezes at 0°C," he said. — He said (that) water freezes at 0°C.
the speaker is reporting something immediately after it was said (up to datę).	“The hotel is awful," he said. •+ He said (that) the hotel is awful. (up to datę)
the reported sentence deals with unreal past, conditionals type 2/type 3 or wishes.	7 wish 1 were rich," she said. ■» She said she wished she were rich.

•    If the speaker expresses something which is believed to be true, the tenses may change or remain unchanged. “I love the place, ” she said. • She said she loves/loved the place.

•    However, if the speaker expresses something which is believed to be untrue, the tenses change.

“China is a smali country," he said. - He said (that) China was a smali country.

Reported Speech

• Time words can change or remain the same depending on the time reference.

Direct Speech

tonight, today, this week/month/year now

now that

yesterday, iast night/week/month year tomorrow, next week/month/year

two days/months/years etc ago

Reported Speech

that night, that day, that week/month/year then, at that time, at once, immediately sińce

the day before, the previous night/week/month/year the following day/the day after, the following/next week/month/year two days/months/years etc before

"l’m sitting an exam tomorrow," he said. ** He said he was sitting an exam the next/following day. (out-of-date reporting) Tm sitting an exam tomorrow," he said. — He said he is sitting an exam tomorrow. (up-to-date reporting)

Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1    ‘Tm visiting Greece,” says Angela. (up-to-date reporting)

...Angela saye she’e vieiting Greece....

2    Tve never been to Paris before,” said John. (out-of-date

reporting) .................................................................................

3    ‘Tm taking my driving test next week," she said. (up-to-date

reporting) .................................................................................

4    “I don’t speak Spanish,” said Sarah.....................................

5    “My house is not far from the town centre,” he says..........

6    “Water boils at 100°C,” he said..........................................

7    “Australia is a very big country,” he said............................

8    “If I see him, l’ll invite him to the party,” said Mary. (out-of-date reporting) .................................

9    “I was locking the car when a traffic warden turned up,” she said.........................................

10    “l’m not going on holiday next week,” he said. (up-to-date reporting).......................................

11    “l’ve written five letters this morning,” said Eddy. (up-to-date reporting) ...................................

12    “I saw a really bad car accident Iast night,” he said to me...................................................

13    “I met David while I was working in Manchester,” she said..................................................

14    “l’ll see you later tonight,” she said to him. (out-of-date reporting)..........................................

15    “lt’s time you got a job,” his mother said to him...................................................................

16    “If you had studied harder, you would have passed your exam,” the teacher said to Tom.

17    “If I were rich, I would buy a mansion in Beverly Hills,” she said.........................................

18    “He doesn’t really like his new job,” said Theresa................................................................

19    “I won’t be home late,” she said to her husband. (out-of-date reporting)................................

20    “l’ve been living here for five years,” she said. (out-of-date reporting) ....................................

Reported Ouestions - Indirect Ouestions

• Reported questions are used to report someone else’s questions, suggestions, offers or requests. In reported questions we use affirmative word order and the question mark becomes a fuli stop. Inverted commas are omitted. To report a question we use: a) ask + question word (who, which, where, how etc) when the direct question begins with a question word; b) ask + if/whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb (do, have, can etc). Tenses, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words etc change as in statements.

Direct questions	Reported questions
He asked her, “What is your name?” He asked her, “Do you like tea?"	He asked her what her name was. He asked her if/whether she liked tea.

1

   The Past Simpie changes to the Past Perfect or remains the same. When the reported sentence contains a time clause, the tenses remain unchanged. “The car broke down while I was driving to

work," he said. ■¹ He said the car had broken down while he was driving to work.

Notę: If the reported sentence is out of datę, the tenses change, but if it is up to datę, the tenses can remain the same. “He moved out a month ago, ” he said. ■¹ He said that he had moved out a month before. (speech reported after he had moved out - out of datę) “I am going to the cinema tonight, ” she said. ■¹ She said she is going to the cinema tonight. (speech reported before she goes to the cinema -up to datę)

•    Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to context. “No, I won't lend you my new car!” he said. — He said he wouldn't lend me his new car.

•    Certain words change as follows depending on the context.

Direct Speech:    this/these here come “Will you come to my house for dinner?” she said.

Reported Speech: that/those there go    She asked him to go to her house for dinner.