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State and localgovernment

In Qatar, television camera s are being inserted into water and sewer networks to create video records of pipę conditions. These image s are integrated IrlS and give operators on for maintenance.

Denver International Airport is loćated in a rural area. GIS is being appliedto develop scenarios o fland-use patterns over the next five, 10 and 15 years.

In the Ukrainę, political changes have ushered in a wave of land reform. Lack of accurate records has hampered the creation of an accurate cadastre, so anew land registration system is being developed based on high-resolution satellite imagery and innovative software techniąues.

Telecommunications

InColombia, the fiber-optic trunk network is being captured in a GIS database with a representation of each ofthe networks element features.

In Indonesia, GIS is employed to manage radio telephony by studying radio station placement, the demographics of a customer area, and the maintenance of eąuipment.

A telecommunications consulting film is using data on land use and land cover to predict signal attenuation for wireless communication systems.

Transportation

In Korea, a GIS monitors real-time traffic conditions to mitigate traffic bottlenecks onfreeways.

The State of Georgia applies GIS technology to manage roadway pavement. A study was madę of road segment ratings based on load cracking.

Water distribution and resources

Population growth and agricultural expansion in Egypt are placing demands on water management. A government ministiy is building a system to manage the N ile Rivf    ‘ canals, drains, and pump s.

InF    /draulic Computer model is

use< B sanitary sewer overflows. Wh...^^* .iinstorms come, satellite imagery is used to estimate rainfalls and assist in the operation of sewer pump stations.

InCanada, a hydro dyn amic/pollutant transport model has be en built to simulate the effects of multiple pollution sources under different conditions.

SUMMARY OF GIS APPLICATIONS

These applications prove the diversity of GIS Solutions. It is always surprising to discover ho w widely ranging the uses of GIS technology are. Common characteristics throughout these applications include:

•    Freąuently, GIS is integrated with other applications to perform geographic and scientific analysis. It is important that GIS data be stractured and stored in a way that allows for distributed data access.

•    An open data architecture has considerable importance in facilitating the integration of geographic data with other data, such as real-time data, imagery, and coiporate databases.

•    While printed maps are still the most common presentation of geographic data, Internet map access and dynamie map applications are becoming increasingly important for decision making. Interactive access invites morę sophisticated data models to support rich ąueries and analysis.

•    Selecting the right data structure is important to enable the kind of analysis you wish to perform. These applications illustrate many⁷ skillful applications of modeling the world as a continuous surface, as a raster grid, or as sets of discrete features in vector format.