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through the brigandine showing layers of cloth, and part of the exterior with fabric removed.

J4: Defences for left arm. 1, gauntlet of moulded cuir-bouilli. 2, single sheet of cuir-bouilli for upper arm. 3, multiple armour for elbow and lower arm of cuir-bouilli and leather covered strips of iron. 4, interior of the lower arm piece.

J5: Interior of the shield showing leather-covered laminated wooden structure.

J6: Exterior of shield.

J7: Dagger and sheath.

J8: Stocco sword.

PLATĘ K: GENOESE MERCHANT SHIP ATTACKED BY PIRATES, c. 1390

The tali wooden ‘castles’ at the Stern and prow of such ships held the key to their defence, where pavesari could protect the captain from sharpshooters. Nevertheless some of the larger weapons used in naval warfare, such as ‘great crossbows’, could penetrate bulwarks, shields and, it was said, several men.

PLATĘ L: NON-MILITARY CLOTHING

LI: Late-13th-century underclothes.

L2: Late-14th-century underclothes.

L3: Shirts and tunics. 1, white linen shirt with a wooden button. 2, Italian shirt of the 14th century. 3, fur-lined tunic; notę the pockets are merely holes. 4, long tunic of the 14th century, partially lined with fur. 5, long tunic with a tali ąuilted collar.

L4: Long and short versions of the quilted perpunto.

L5: Hoods and hats. (i) woollen hood with short taił thrown fowards. (ii) fur-lined hat with outer fabric in heraldic colours. (iii) front and side views of a conical hat with top tucked into the brim before drooping down the side. (iv) simple woollen cap. (v) cap with decorated brim. (vi) felt hat with brim pushed forward. (vii) exceptionally tali hat with brim turned up and down while the cone is folded side to side.

L6: Shoes and boots. 1, open leather sandał with fabric around the heel. 2, buckled leather sandał. 3, soft leather boot. 4, leather shoe covered with cloth. 5, plain leather shoe. 6, long-toed shoe.

Carving of a foot soldier by Giovanni de Campione, dating from 1360. (In situ, south portal of Santa Maria Maggiore, Bergamo; author’s photograph)

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