S5006679

Krato# Krzaka 4i

Setecłed (Indsfróm the eettlement

The deep change in the naturę of the cultural inven-tory observed at that time must have occurred no later than during Phase LT C1b, sińce quite a number of the oldest datmg artefacts (mainly glass bracelets) found in the context of the materials of setOement Phase II should be related to that chronological stage. The most no-ticeable manifestation of that change is the hand-made pottery in the style of the eariiest Przeworsk culture oc-curring in the settiements. which almost completely replaced hand-made Celtic pottery. Its accompanying artefacts of the La Tene culture type, induding in par-ticular *grey* and graphite pottery madę with the use of the potter"s wheel, underwent relathreły minor changes during that time. developing in a pattem following the paralleł changes in the La Tene culture. even though a Sharp drop in the amount of pottery products is noted in the analysed inventories.

Some changes are also noted in the hitherto settle-ment network — the disappearance of some smailer settiements (Kraków Cło) and the establishment of new ones (e.g. Kraków Pleszów 49). However. the two largest settiements in Kraków Wydąźe 5 and Kraków Pleszów 17—20 continued to devełop. In the latter. a cult compłex started to funcbon — a quadrangular grooved structure with sacnfice prts inside. was found to be stOI in existence in the following phase (Poleska 1996: 229ff. fig. 13).

Like on other Central European Celtic areas. a change in the forms of burial rituals took place there. It consisted of undertaking practices that did not leave archaeołogically noticeable traces.

The abovementioned phenomena. rełating to the sphere of cult and rituals. demonstrate that Celtic pat-tems of behaviour insblled in the previous horizon steli prevailed there. Wheeł-made pottery continued to be produced locally. even though to a smailer scalę, which is evidenced by a ceramic kiłn from the Wydąźe settie-ment which was found there and is assodated with that phase. Close contacts were sbll maintained with La Tśne culture areas located farther south and west The materials brought from there induded for in stance graphite. glass and sapropelite decorations. It is only towards the end of that phase that some weakening of the contacts with the then Celtic centres was noted. In any event, a comparison of the generał picture of the materiał culture with the situation prevailing in the previous horizon as well as that obsenred contemporaneously on the neighbouring Celtic areas. does not seem to point to changes in the overaII model of the culture. economy and retabons with the extemal wortd that wouid be profbund enough to interpret those transfbrmations as re-sulting from a thorough replacement of population on the area under discussion. On the contrary, there are

agriculture (iron shod plough from Kraków Wy ciąże 5 belonging to the group of oldest artefacts from Celtic areas — Fig. 5:9), and crafts (smrth's and foundry work-shop from the settlement in Kraków Wyciąże; and pot-tery workshops which satisfied almost half of the demand for pottery). The maintenance of Iń/ely contacts with the former hometand is evidenced a bove alby a considerable proportion of graphite pottery (approx. 10% of all vessels), the manufacture of which required the import of a considerable amount of graphite materiał, as well as the occurrence of a significant number of finished products (e.g. sapropelite and glass bracelets) brought from or via those areas.

The fact that close contacts were maintained with Celtic territories is not surprising. What is remarkable though. in the context of the materials of Phase I. is the presence of artefacts suggesting links to the Jastorf en-vironment which. after all. seem to originate from times earlier than the occurrence of permanent Celtic settie-ment there. In this context, a particularly telling proof is provided by the finds of single um graves (Kraków Mogiła 1. Kraków Wy ciąże 5. Kraków Pleszów 17/grave 1187). which constitute hardly challengeable evidence of the arrival of a population group from the areas of the Jastorf culture. Regrettably. it is not possible at the moment to cłeariy determine the chronological relationship between those sets and the materials of the eariiest phase of the Tyniec group. As emphasised in a separate elaboration (Woźniak, Poleska 1999), they can be regarded as origi-natfng from both the era immediately pieceding the establishment of Celtic settiements and their contempo-rary times. Regardless of any detailed determinations of that issue, and due to the fact that evidence exists con-ceming contacts with the broadly percehred Jastorf drcle not only in Phase I but also during the following develop-ment phases of the Tyniec group (particularly cłeariy in Phase II). we have proofs attesting to the existence of long-term and vivid links with distant areas both west-ward and, slightly later, the areas of the Poieneęti-Lukaśevka culture. The existence of such long-term contacts has been postulated for a long bme with regard to some areas of the Przeworsk culture and the starting point in the interpretation of that phenomenon is the mi-gration of the Bastamae (and Sctri) tribes. as indicated by the sources, from their homeland to areas on the Black Sea (Dąbrowska 1988:227; 1994: 71ff.). It seems likely that such second zonę crossed Małopolska, and the presence on the area of a number of earfy Jasfort elements polnts to the need to consider their involvement in the process of profbund cultural transfbrmations that took place at the end of Phase I and beginning of Phase II of the Tyniec group (Woźniak, Poleska 1999: 386).