53192 P1190254

10 Bogerire Getfiga

ttk. v.e*rcn« ałways consctous of (bessę results and they arc defłnitely difficult 10 be coofamed by archaeological eyidence. To a large extent, they arc new cul-Mtalełemems bciag usualK the pan of a soctal consciousness. Exchange. even in ńs cnriy tona which «vi ~good tor good" model, results in a conccpt of value ■ripoct ofa cenaa pto 10 make ihc eschange morę adcąuate. Consequent-ły. h leads to nsng of atoney, prcceded by commodity money (SchOnfeld 1995: 21.22l Chnsosn smmerteki m his study on skrkles defincs them as pre-money ncms iGermegekh m soch a sabsfctute form. Łxchange, and above all its higher form wtuch B. orgamzed tndc create consciousness of complex risk and a con-eept of profit Does tbe eoncept of debt appear at the early stage of exchange and 98 os | based on’ It seems that mediators between producers and consumers ^ipeared prcsnraaMy as early as in the Bronze Age. while during the Hallstatt period their prcsence ts almost certainly confirmed. That resulted in new types of Mopctsonał rełauons Such a probability appears in the case of a salt minę in HM, Sp|j product dismbuncn was in hands of mediators. traders that is to sa\ The rcianoo> m mor significant metallurgic centers might have been similar. OhgalMiteleMs - inspired by des elopment of exchange and tradc such as lat mmi ■ nrhmęr locations - arc morę visible in archaeological evidence.

Hat Esoes,mosty refemng to emergence of so-called Hallstatt and north-Ma ompaied goods have been explored up in Polish archaeological literaturę (Ul 19S9: Ged 1991.1992; Gediga 1992: papers in volume: Rola oddziaływań Iręga halsztackiego w luzwoju społeczeństw epoki żelaza iv Polsce Zachodniej na Śe środkowoeuropejskim. Wrocław' 1980). These problems were studied mostly wnh reicTeiKc io ihe stncalled amber route (for a fuller account see Malinowski lf>l; Bukowski 2002L and. recently to the contacts with the northem zonę (for a Mo account see Fogel 1988; Bukowski 1998).

pjpjp indicaled as well emergence of exchange centers along the routes I aneumpk of such a place ts a fortified site in Komorowo, district of Szamotuły. That. toęether wab grave goods of a nearby cemetery in Gorszewice make the aMMphea haghły pmbable (Malinowski 1985; 297-300). Some other fortified atol stuated on probable contact routes to the Hallstatt world might have been IgflljpWtotototoMM- That seems to be confirmed by locations of some Silesian Miad(toi(Gediga 1976:196-197; 1981:298-299. Fig. 1).

Coacludmg these introductory rcmarks on the subject discusscd the papers 7 idlśtadkme - te. Lang Distance Trade in the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age,

_ IimM Hke ffi mentioD the issue of relations between development of various ^: ,h<MadM|e and a socio-cultural developmenl of centers keeping li vely and ■plbadMage contacts. In parucular. 1 intend to focus on an emergence of el-toamtoeiocietiesof the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. who were interested Mitom atow of luuinous goods - symbols of prestige. The significance of these iKMBiieBgibałized and justified by archaeologists, such as F.W. von Hase in his Mdrn on the connections of Etruria and Central Europę during the lale stage of the Umtield period and in the early Hallstatt phnse (1992: 263 -266). That issue ts clearly outlincd in archaeological evidcnce c.g. in tbc I lallstatt cultural circlc The leading elite of the Hallstatt society - the aristocracy - maintained complec and lively contacts with the most signilteant cultural centers. mostly of the Mediter-rancan area. That is supported by i tenis of Mediterrancan provcnance discos ered both in the elites scats such as Heuncburg. Mont Lassois, Klcinklein Burgsiall-kogel and many others (Reitinger 1981: 11-13; Frey 1980: 81-93; Dobiat 1990; Egg 1996). and in “prinee burials” usually situated nearby. such as Hochmichelc, Vi\, "KrOll-Schmiciikogcl" named ‘“KrOll-Kogel" in Klcinklein. Styna (Reitinger 1981; Frey 1980: 81-93), or, recently cxcavated and well prescrved Hochdorf grave (Biel 1982; 1985) conlaining untouched grave goods. what was rere in the past. These issues havc already a rich bibliography such a study by von Hase (1992) whete he emphasizes the fact of maintaining by the elites constant and extent contacts with the most signiticant cultural centers. They resultcd not only in luxurious goods - such as Greek pottery. bronze vcssels including situlae deco-rated with figural motifs. numerous omaments with cxamples of goldsmiths' mas-terpieces or the weaponry. o tlen of distinctń e function. used by the members of the social unit - but probably also in the influx of cratlsmen tirom those cultural centers or unique examples of building techniques such as Heuneburg dried mud-brick fortifications which clearly correspond with Meditenanean pattems and even were not adapted to the climate of the regions north of the Alps, which confirmed both abilities and ambitions of the Hallstatt aristocracy. In that contcxt. the abundance of grave goods at the cemetery of Hallstatt requires slightly different interpretation than only fact that they bclonged to the aristocracy. The abundance was to a large degree a consequence of salt miners' wealth and their dangerous but well-paid work.

In 1995 Biba Terżan (1995: 81-159), using of abundant factographic evi-dence, presented the relation between łrade development and emergence of elites on the example of South-Eastem Europę in the early Iron Age. The author pro-vides rather reserved interpretation, depending entirely on convincing evidence.

Tliat issue has been taken up in Polish archaeological literaturę. Research on the links between an emerging elite and the inflow ofluxury goods revcaled in early Bronze Age burial mounds of the Unćtice culture in Łęki Małe. Kościan distnet (Sarnowska 1969: 110-111; Hensel 1988: 191-194). and occurrenceof numerous bronze hoards (Sarnowska 1969: 36-37. Fig. 3) containing foreign items may be an example here. J. Dąbrowski discussed the issue of relations between develop-ment of exchange and social formations in the early Iron Age. These conncctions seem to be confirmed by the results of excavations, c.g. in Silesia which produccd such discoveries as richly equipped warrior grave from Łazy, Wotów disetnet (Madera 1999) and lately discovered very rich cquippcd gravcs in Domaslaw. Wrocław district, or sociotopography of an early Iron Age settlement at Wilejo-wice site 19, Wrocław district (Bugaj, Gediga 2003; Gediga 2004).