81556 lingwistyka 2

Consider also: four innate linguistic properties [after McNeill]:

1.    ability to distinguish speech sounds from other sounds

2.    ability to organise linguistic events into classes

3.    ability to distinguish among linguistic Systems

4.    ability to constantly dęyelop one's linguistic system_

5. LlNGUISTICS AND THE RELATED FIELDS

Phonology and Phonetics. Moiphology. Syntax. Semantics. Pragmatics. Descriptive vs. prescriptive/no:nnative grammar. [Standard variety (acceptability/freąuency).] Psycholinguistics. Neurolinguistics. Sodolinguistics. Synchronic/static vs. diachromc/dynamic/historical linguistics. Contrastiye linguistics._

6. COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION8 OF LAN GUAGE

(a) Referential [lg used to refer to objects, events etc. in the actual world context or by the universe

determined by determined by the participants of verbal interaction; eg. the book was inleresting]

(b) Emotive [lg used to describe or appeal to emotions; eg. You are my petal/sweet honey pie. J

(c)    C o n a t i v e [ lg used to achieve practical effects; eg. We are offering the best prices.)

(d)    P h a t i c [lg used to start and maintain contact between the participants; eg. Nice day, isnt i£?]

(e) Metalinguistic [lg used to describe lg; eg. phoneme, noun phrase, reference etc.]

(i) P o e t i c [lg used attract attention by exploiting formal properties; eg. The best is ahvays better, figures of speech, rhythm, rhyme, alliteration, play of words etc.]

(g)Performative [lg used to perform (ritualised) acts; I declare the conference open.]

6a. Developmental functions of łanouaoe (afterHalliday)

(a)    Instrumental: 'Twant" (used for satisfying needs, to manipulate)

(b)    Regulatoiy: "do as i tell you" (used for controlling the behaviour of others 8s events)

(c)    Interactional: *me and you" (used for getting along with other people; phatic comm.)

(d)    Personal: "here J come" (used for identifying and expressing the self, feelings & emotions)

(e)    Heuristic: "tell me why" (used for exploring the world around and inside one; to acąuire kn.)

(f)    Imaginative: "let's pretend" (used for creating a world of one's own; faiiy tales, poetry)

(g)    Informative: Tve got something to tell you" (used for communicating new information)

(h)    Represcntational: for conveying facts, knowledge and to explain) [g+h]

Also: The generał diyision into: ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.

7. APPROACHE8 TO LANGPAOB AND ŁAHOUAOE DEBCRIfTIOH O nt o L o ojca L (how language exists)

Idealists/Realists: lg independent of the human mind;

Mentalists; lg is a product of the human mind;

[Consider also: Universalist, Nominalist and Conceptualist views.]

Bpi s tbmol o o ic al (howlanguage is acguired)

Empirici 3ts : lg and knowledge come from our perception of sensory data (cf. J. Locke: tabula rasa); 20th c. behaviourism: Słdnner)

Rationalists / Nativists: language is a special innate faculty

(cf. R. Descartes: innate ideas, ghost in a machine); 20th c. cognitivism: Ausubel, Chomsky's LAD)

Traditional ajppkoach: Greek and Roman (Latin-based grammatical paradigms): Major grammatical categories/parts of speech: nounSj verbs, adjectives, aduerbs, pronouns, determiners, preposttions, conjunctions Minor grammatical categories:

nominał: gender/number/case; verbal: person/number/gender/tense/voice/mood

Structurallsm: an approach to linguistics which stresses the importance of language as a system and which investigates the distribution of sounds, morphemes, words of a language.

(20c./ scientific; comparative/synchronic/diachroiiic study and language typology]

F. de Saussure (The Course in General Linguistics): signifled [object, concept, world] signijying [form, word]

la langue [a system of abstracted oppositdons, eg sound, words, concepts, which exist in a sodety] la parole [an individualised manifestation of the system] (cf. Chomsky's competence vs. performance) paradlgmatlc relatipnship

[paradigm: a list or pattem showing the forms which a word can have in a grammatical system]

SG    PL

Nom.    a boy    boys

Gen.    a boy's    boys'

syntagmatic relationship

[shows the relationships that linguistic units (words, dauses) have with other linguistic units]

._ I <—> gave <—> Trący <—> that <—> book.___