80174 lingwistyka 5

Tree diagram:

IC: immediate constituents: units which occur next to each other and are in some way related UC: ultimate constituents: cannot be further divided

Constituents can be substituted by one another without affecting the grammaticality of the sentence form a syntactic category: S [sentence] NP [a dog, a cat), VP [chased the cat][chased the dog], Det [the], V [chased]

S

/ \

NP VP

/ \ / \

Det N V NP

/ \

Det N

the dog chased the cat (expand into: the big dog chased the smali cat & shift ultimate constituents]

Also: Adj. P. very old, not so young Adj. otd, young, black Adv. P. very slowly, almost Adv. sloiuly, certainly PP on the table, to the door P from, of, in, on AUX will, can, may, must    _

1.3,Tree Diagrams and Łabelled BracŁeting

s	S
/ 1 \	/ 1 \
NP ATIX VP	NP AUX VP
/ 1 \ 1 / \	1 1 / \
DET ADJ N VP NP	N ] V ADVP
/ 1 \	i 1 1 adv
ET ADJ N	John past go there > John went there::
the big dog will chase the smali cat	Bracketing: fQ [tto Johnl f x/ wentlfa^r p there]]]

1.4. Ru 1 e s ( P S R)

Rewrite rules: another way of conveying information about the structure of seńtences.

Rewrite rules specify which combinations of words form grammatical sentences.

S—->NP + VP

S

/ \

NP VP

The big dog chased the smali cal

l.S---->NP + VP 2. VP—> V + NP. 3. NP—> DET + ADJ + N 4. V—> chase 5. DET---->the

6. ADJ —>big, smali 7. N —> dog, cat

Oeneration: the process of producing structures by means of rules.

P h r a s e S t r u c tu r e Ru l e s (PS-Rules): determine the basie constituent structure of a sentence.

A mb i g u i ty : occurs when phrase structures differ:
(a) NP	(b) NP
/ \	/ 1 \
ADJ NP	NP CONJ NP
/ 1 \	/ \ 1 I
N CONJ N	ADJ N | N
old men and women	old men and women
Other examDles of ambieuitv:
I saw a man from the tower. Hunting lions/flying planes can be dangerous. She fed her dog biscuits.

Recursion: when PS-Rules handle the process of iteration of categories.

Consider:

Tom knows John,

Tom knows John heard Jim,

Tom knows John heard Jim asked Jane.

Hence besides:

VP —> V + NP or VP —> V + PP etc, we can have:

VP—>V+S S

/ \

NP VP

/ \

V 8

(S: embedded sentence which can be further expanded, the process knoym as recursion).

1.5. Lexicon

L e x i c o n : a set of lexical entries, each of which consists of a matrix with phonological distinctive features and acomplete specŁScation syntactic, semantic, morphological and exceptional features.    '    _