29177 lingwistyka 8

T E X T

1. T e x t Grammar

The inadequacies of sentence grammars. The sentence is no longer regarded as the largest linguisLic unit.

T = S_x *• S₂ or:    T = S {+ S)ⁿ l^{where n 1S et}ł^{ual or} larger than lf

Utterance: can consist of a sentence, a phrase or a word;

(No Smoking, For Sale, Puli, Push, Yummy, Yuk etc.)

Hence TEXT - DISCOURSE (to be kept terminologically distinct)

T e x t: a unit of limited length formed by a seąuence of utterances, where each of the following utterances repeats the information introduced by previous ones and adds to it some new infonnation; a continuity of senses. Discourse: the extemal situational aspects of text Consider: Are you dissatisfied? (a guestion) (a command to stop complaining)

2. COHESION AND COBEREKCE Cohesion:

(A) Can you come tomorrow? (B) Yes, I can. (grammatical link) Consider further: John fmished the book. He put IT on the shelf. (ellipsis, substitution, sentence connection, well-formedness of texts) Coherence:

(A) Can you come tomorrow? (B) The bus drwers are on strike.

(no grammatical link, yet coherent semanticaUy, cf. world knowledge) 3. Prbsufposition

Both the speaker and the hearer share the same knowledge of the extemal world: Have you stopped stealing apples from my garden?

When did you return home last night?

Consider also:

(A)    Doorbelll [^mI can hear the doorbell and I want you to pen the doorl]

(B)    Tm in the bathl [=1 carmot open the door because I am in the bathj

(A) O. K. [^mIf you cannot open the door because you are in the bath, I will open the door]

(text====discourse)::::::::::::(sentences==^a==utterances)::::::::::(cohesion-^,-^a»coherence)

4. Ordering of sentences I bought a car yesterday. Iwill haue it washed tomorrow. *1 will haue it washed tomorrow. I bought a car yesterday.

5. Word order and text

Prague School: distribution of elements and communicative dynamism conveyed by each clause. Hence, Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP):

(a) Widziłem w oknie kobietę.

(b) Po (drwili kobieta wysła z domu.

(cjWidziałem w oknie kobietę.

(d) *Po chwili z domu wyszła kobieta._

6. Prosodic features (intonation and stress) and text What did John buy?

John bought A CAR. (cohesiue) but not: *JOHN bought a car. *John BOUGHT a car.

de Beaugrande 8& Drbsbler: Introduction to Text Linguistics

[Professor Szwedek's selectionj: inadeąuacy of sentence grammars; text as a basie unit of language in communication; modular vs. interactional approach; probabilistic vs. deterministic naturę of language; dynamie (textual) vs. static (structural) approach; problem sohńng theory: relevance for language study

cohesion: description of; mechanisms (co-reference) coherence: meaning/sense; ambiguity; world of text;

concepts: relations between themfdetermined, typical, accidental] intentionality & acceptability: description of; Speech Act Theoiy; performative verbs; Grice’s Maxims of Conversation and conversationLal implicature

informathdty: statistical vs. contextual probability; the orders (degrees) of informativity; standards and preferences

motivation search; upgrading and downgrading; expectations: their role in communication

situationality: ccommon/ different goal; monitoring vs. managing; strategies of normal ordering; negotiations

intertextuality: between texts; between texts and knowledge; text types and criteria_

Instances of texts used in dlscourse/text types:

[1J a road-sign [2] nursery rhyme [3] news article [4] science tex±book [5] con.versa.tion [6] poem ...