47599 skanowanie0084 (2)

•fwl dictation,

ttt dicto-comp - students listen to the passage and then summarise it trying to be as close to the original as possible.

12.1.6. Tasks / assignments for self-study

1.    Compare and find differences between listening to your native language in real world and English in the classroom (based on Tanner and Green, 1998).

2.    Find a listening text that you think fit an interesting listening cląss and devise a few pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening actiyities (based on Tanner and Green, 1998).

3.    Find a number of listening activities and decide what their aims are (based on Tanner and Green, 1998).

12.2. The Speaking Skill

12.2.1. Spoken language - key concepts

Śpoken language is characterised by the following features:

-ry-' processing conditions - the way/conditions we process language; processing is producing and understanding;

—    reciprocity - speech is a reciprocal act; it is the key feature of conversation; there must be a listener and a speaker; two or morę parties contribute to it; because of reciprocity two things take place:

—    facilitation - making things easier, it can take form of:

a)    simplification of messages during a conversation, while speaking;

b)    ellipsis - leaying things out; omission of parts of sentences to focus on important parts of a message, too many details make the message too complicated;

c)    formulaic expressions - use to keep the conversations going, not to pass/transfer information (e.g. how are you?, what are you doing here?, etc.); they are used to make things easier, to give yourself some time to think of what you are going to say next; to establish contact with the person; to give yourself time to think of what to say if you want to say anything,

d) fillers and hesitation devices - used to organise thoughts, to keep the conversation oneself or the other way round, either to retain conversation oneself or to allow somebody else to say something; to give you or your listener time to think of what to say or listen to/hear,

— compensation - what is done when things go wrong; correction and alteration; reformulation of what has been said, carried out by means of:

a)    self-correction of our own utterance;

b)    false starts - a sentence is started and another one soon afterwards, because the first one was not what the speaker wanted to say;

c)    repetition of a sentence to make oneself clearer; it is only possible a limited number of times;

d)    rephrasing saying the same in other words to see if the listener understands (based on Gough: a lecture on Teaching Speaking Skills: 11.12.1993).

12.2.2. The use ofroutines

Spoken discourse is, to a large extent, predictable. It is not created from scratch every time something is said because there are certain routines i.e. “conventional [...] ways of presenting information which can either focus on information or interaction” (Nunan, 1991:40), that basically means what kind of things people tend to say and in what order, e.g.:

a)    story telling - we do not know what we are going to hear, but we know what kind of words will be used: time, characters, setting, what happened and in what order,

b)    greetings,

c)    giving instructions - brief, concise sentences, modals or imperative sentences; speakers usually check if they have been understood, certain grammatical structures are used as a way of getting feedback;