70353 IMGx58

288 The Origin of CivUisation

116.    N.Stone, 1983, p 136.

117.    W.W.Rostom, 1978, p 163.

118.    Ibid, p 173.

119.    Ibid, pp 191-93.

120.    Ibid, p 181.

121.    Ibid, pp 183-97.

122.    Ibid, p 201.

123.    W.W.Rostom, 1978, p 247.

124.    C.Finch, 1973.

125.    J.D.Eames, 1979 edn.

126. M.Levey, 1974, p 308.

127. P.Marsh, 1982, p 48.

128.    W.W.Rostom, 1948, pp 124-25; G.Rude, 1964.

129.    N.Harris, 1983; M.Beenstock, 1983; A.Sampson, 1979.

130.    B.Cohen, 1987, pp 186-187,

131.    B.Jordan, 1982.

132.    M.I.Finley, 1970.

133.    L.Stone & j.C.Fawtier Stone, 1984.

134.    Ibid, pp 400-20; M.Grant, 1978, p 58.

135.    M.Beloff, 1971.

136.    M.Grant, 1978, p 62.

137.    Ibid, 1978, pp 63-70; P.A.Brunt, 1970.

138.    H.Kamen, 1984, p 205.

139.    P.Jenkins, "The Riot Factor," Sunday Times, 20th October 1985.

140.    I.Prigogine & I.Stengers, 1984, p 128.

141.    W.U.Rostom, 1975, p 30.

142.    Ibid, pp 12-14, For the role of mar in the recurrent declines of the major empires of antiguity; R.L.Carneiro, 1970, and 1978, for the role of mar in the formation of the state.

143.    R.L.Carneiro, 1978, pp 205-211.

144.    M.Rogers, 1976, pp 24-25.

145.    J.Roberts, "The Triumph of the West," BBC Teleuision Series, episode 4, 'The World*s Debate,’ on 30th September, 1985.

146.    J.Needhara et al, 1970, p 414.

147.    Ibid, 1970, p 144, has a graph plotting the leuel of scientific achieve-ment in both China and Europę from 300 BC to the third quarter of the tmentieth century AD. The Chinese curve shoms a gradual steady ascent, but the European curve shoms the decline mith the fali of Roman ciuilisation in the West to be followed by the steep slope of an exponential curve, gathering greater acceleration as an upmard surge after the late fifteenth century.

148.    B.Kurten, 1972; J.Gribbin & J.Cherfas, 1982.

149.    R.L.Carneiro, 1978, p 206.

150.    K.Hopkins, 1978, chapter 1.

151.    W.W.Rostom, 1975, p 45.

152.    R.L.Carneiro, 1978, suggests warfarę has been the main mechanism of political euolution. His argument finds some corroboration in the hist-orical expenence of the early modern period; W.W.Rostom, 1975, p 104, for example makes this comment: "One cannot view the domestic economic policies of the major nations in early modern Europę without sensing the grip on their political life of the unrelenting pattern of struggle

within which they mere trapped....... Rulers spent their Limę morrying

about hom to stay in pomer as we11 as about war and diplomacy."

153.    T.Dobzhansky, "The Genetic Basis of Evolution," January 1950, in 'Humań Uariation and Origins,’ Readings from Scientific American, pp 13-14.

154.    S.J.Gould, 1980, pp 11-12; W.S.Laughlin & R.H.Osborne, 1967, p 139.

155.    J.Wymer, 1982, p 166-68. He cites the skeletal remeins of a cripple found among seweral burials, dated around 70,000 BP, from the caue of

Shanidar, Iraq. The man had a deformed right arm and shoulder; the arm had been amputated below the elbow in 1 ife, and there was evidence to suggest he had auffered from an arthritic condition from birth. Since he survived to about 40 years of age he must haue received care and support from other members of his group; S.L.Washburn A C.S.Lancaster, 1967, pp 74-5, on caring for the sick in human communities.

156.    D.Attenborough, "Life on Carth," BBC Telewision Ser ies, 1984.

157.    J.Wymer, 1982, p 32.

158.    Ibid, pp 33-34; see also K.P.Oakley, 1967, pp 262-63.

159.    J.Wymer, 1982, chapter 1, pp 13-34.

160.    B.Cohen, 1987, for social gradients, pp 151-52, economic gradients, pp 186-88, production gradients, 244-47.

161.    J.E.Pfeiffer, 1977, p 33.

162.    There is a generał widespread agreement among many researchers that the early hominids did originate in certain areas of Africa; B.Kurten, 1972, pp 73-76.

163.    J.Gribbin & J.Cherfas, 1982, p 78.

164.    J.Wymer, 1982; R.Dennell, 1983, chapters 6 & 7, pp 103-151.

165.    K.V.Flannery, 1969b, chapter 15, pp 283-304.

166.    D.A J.Oates, 1976, pp 70-86.

167.    C.Renfrew, 1973, pp 264-75; A.J.Ammerman & L.L.Cavalli-Sforza, "Measur-ing the ratę of spread of early farming in Europę," Han, 6:674-88; also A.J.Ammerman A L.L.Caval1i-Sforza, 1973, pp 344-56.

168.    J.N.Leonard, 1974.

169.    J.E.Pfeiffer, 1977, pp 149-170.

170.    C.G.Starr, 1962, pp 195-200; R.Fletcher, 1981, 156-9.

171.    R.Fletcher, 1981; M.Grant, 1978.

172.    N.H.H.Sitwell, 1984.

173.    H.Heaton, 1967; R.M.Hartwell, 1971; W.W.Rostow, 1975.

174.    R.L.Carneiro, 1978, pp 205-211.

175.    J.Pfeiffer, 1977, p 20.

176.    R.Dennell, 1983, pp 102-152.

177.    H.Harris, 1978; R.McC.Adams, 1966.

178.    P.Hall, 1980; E.F.Schumacher, 1973.

179.    C.McEwedy & R.Jones, 1978; M.Grant, 1970.

180.    H.Brown, 1954, pp 222-223.

181. Ibid, 1954, p 221.

182. Ibid, 1954, p 223.

183.    R.L.Carneiro, 1978, "Political Expansion as an Expression of the Principle of Competitive Exclusion," pp 205-221.

184.    G.A J.Lenski, 1978, p 192; T.W.Wallbank, A.M.Taylor & N.M.Bailkey (1942) 1962, single volume edn.

185.    H.Hart, 1948, "The Logistic Growth of Political Areas," in Social Forces 26:396-408; R.Naroll, 1967, "Imperial Cycles and World Order," in Peace Research Society Papers, 7:83-101.

186.    B.Lapping, 1985.

187.    R.L.Carneiro, 1978, p 208.

188.    R.Dawkins, 1976, pp 72 & 89.

189.    S.J.Gould, 1980, pp 10-12.

190.    J.Imbrie & K.P.Imbrie, 1979, chapter 16, pp 177-87.