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EXERCISES

1.    Copy the tcxt, read it aloud and translate it.

2.    Drill the phrases:

Dziękuję. Proszę. Dzień dobry!

3.    Translate into Polish:

Good moming. Good evening. Thank you. How are you? Good-bye.

4.    Translate into English:

Dzień dobry pani. Dzień dobry! Jak się pani ma? Doskonale. A pan? Dziękuje, dobrze. Dowidzenia!

ZAPAMIĘTAJ

REMEMBER

Ewa, Maria Jan, Józef nie czekać

feminine names

masculine names

the negation nie is put before the

verb

GRAMMAR

WORD ORDER

The word order in a Polish sentence is much morę elastic than in English; though the natural word order is also:

SUBJECT - VERB - OBJECT etc.

Adverbials and particles may be put either at the beginning or the end

of the sentence, or even in the middle, c.g.:

tego chłopca nie znam - that boy I don't know (literał translation)

nigdy nie byłem w Warszawie - never I was not in Warsa w

często widzę ją na ulicy - often I see her in the Street

NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

To form negative sentences nie (not) is placed before the verb in Polish, even if there is another negative word in the sentence, e.g., nigdy nie byłem. (I never was). In English only one negative is permissible in a sentence, but the Poles say: 'I never was not'.

Interrogative sentences are formcd by placing the interrogative particie czy at the beginning of the sentence, not by reversing the positions of the subject and the verb, as in English, e.g.: Czy pan X jest w domu? (Is Mr.X at home?).

THE FAMILIAR AND POLITE FORM OF ADDRESS

In the so-called 'familiar' form of address, the personal pronouns ty (you-Sg.) and wy (you-Pl.) are used with the second person Singular and Plural, respectively, of the verb. This form is employed when addressing relatives, intimate friends and children.

The 'polite' form of address consists of the word pan (Mr., Sir, gentleman) for małe persons and pani (Mrs., madam, lady) for female persons, and is conjugated with the third person of the verb, e.g.: Czy ma pan bilet? (Have you a ticket?). This form is used when addressing individuals, acquaintances, strangers and superiors; państwo when addressing couples (Mr. and Mrs.) or groups of people.

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