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work on national or regional issues.

WWF works witli a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including otlier NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishers, farmersand local communities. Italso undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a morę environmentally friendly manner.

c)    Earth Rights International : http://www.earthrights.org'

„EarthRights International (ERI) isa nongovemmental. non profit organization tliat combines the power of law and the power of people in defense of earth rights. We specialize in fact-finding, legał actions against perpetrators of eartli rights abuses, training grassroots and community leaders, and advocacy campaigns. Through tliese strategies, ERI seeks to end eartli riglits abuses, to provide real Solutions for real people, and to promote and protect human rights and the environment in the communities where we work We document human rights and environmental abuses in countiies where few otlier oiganizations can safely operate. We expose and publidze earth rights abuses through campaigns. reports and articles.

We organize the human rights and environmental activist communities around earth rights issues. We are at the forefront of the movement to hołd corporations accountable for fair human rights, labor, and environmental practices no matter where they do business.

We litigate in U.S. courts on behalf of people around the worid whose eartli rights have been violated by governmentsand transnational corporations. For eartli rights abuses against villagers in Burma, we brought the landmark lawsuit, Doe v. Unocal Corp.

We teach people about their eartli rights and remedies, especially people living under repressive regimes. We train villagers and refugee women to testify at the United Nations and otlier internatiooal agencies. We run the EartliRights Schools for activists in Soutbeast Asia.

We advocate with those who have been liarmed. and fight for better earth rights protections at every level, from the local to the intemational.

ERI is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit group of activists, organizers, and lawyers witli expertise in human rights, tlie environment. and corporate and govemment accountability. ERI has offices in tlie U.S. and Southeast Asia.”

d)    Ani mai Liberation Front: http: //www.animalliberationfront.com

The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is an intemational, underground leaderless resistance tliat engages in illegal direct action in pursuit of animal liberation Activists see themselves as a modem-day Underground Railroad, removing animals from laboratories and farms, destroying facilities, arranging safe houses and veterinaty care, and operating sanctuaries where the animals live out tlie rest of their lives.

Active in over 40 countries, ALF cells operate clandestinely, consisting of smali groups of friends and somedmes just one person, wliich makes the movement difficult for the authorities to monitor. Robin Webb of the British Animal Liberation Press Office has said: "Tliat is why tlie ALF cannot be smashed, it cannot be effectively infiltrated, it cannot be stopped. You, each and every one of you: you are the ALF.”

Activists say tlie movement is non-violent. According to the ALFs codę, any act tliat furthers the cause of animal liberation, where all reasonable precautions are taken not to liarm human or non-htiman life, may be claimed as an ALF action. American activist Rod Coronado said in 2006: "One thing tliat I know tliat separates us from tlie people we are constantly accused of being—tliat is, terrorists, violent criminals—is die fact tliat we have liarmed no one."

There has nevertheless been widespread criticism tliat ALF spokespersons and activists have eitlier failed to condemn acts of violence or have themselves engaged in it, eitlier in the name of the ALF or under another banner. Tlie criticism has been accompanied by dissent witliin the animal rights movement itself about the use of violence, and increasing attention from tlie police and intelligence communities. In 2002 the Soutlieni Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors extremism in tlie U.S.. noted tlie involvement of tlie ALF in the Stop H untingdon Animal Cruelty campaign, wliich SPLC identified as using terrorist tactics—though a later SPLC report also noted tliat while eco-radicals such as the ALF engage in property damage, tliey have killed no one. In 2005 tlie ALF was included in a United States Department of Homeland Security planning document listing a number of domestic terrorist threats on wliich tlie U.S. govemment expected to focus resources. In tlie UK, ALF actions are regarded as examples of domestic extremism, and are handled by the National Extremism Tactical Coordination Unit, set up in 2004 to monitor ALF and otlier illegal animal rights activity.