3416400923

3416400923



Swiss Federal Institute for Snów- and Avalanche Research was installed at Weissfiuhjoch above Davos, adjacent to the upper terminal of the Parsenn-funicular railway at an altitude of 2663 m. With this an important stage was reached in a development which had been started 10 years earlier.

For decades the methods of protection against avalanches had been developed purely empirically, and the initiative for further improvement had been left morę or less to the local or regional (cantonal) forestry officials. In 1932 the Swiss Federal Inspection for Forestry decidcd to cali in the help of modern science, for the purpose of finding by means of fundamental research the best means for protection against avalanches.

A team of young scicntists thcn workcd for a numbcr of winters in the surroundings of Davos, deveIoping their own instruments and methods of snów research. This procedurę proved to be very successful and promising right from the start. But a pcrmancnt Staff was lacking which could dcdicate its time exclusively to the problems of snów research, and in particular suitable laboratories and officc space were needed. In view of the evcrincreasing thrcat from avalanches in our alpine valleys and of the high costs for the construction and maintenance of protective works against avalanches, and in spite of the very considerable expenses for national defence, the Swiss Parliament showed its understanding for this task of internal protection by approving the necessary credits for the construction of a laboratory in the centre of the skiing— and avalanche—paradise of Parsenn.

The Institute, which is attached to the Swiss Federal Inspection for Forestry, employes at present 14 people, of whom 6 are university graduates. The tasks which the Institute had to deal with at first have assumed greater magnitude and today al1 scientific and practical problems connected with snów and ice have to be considered. It is however obvious that with such a smali Staff only a few selected problems can be dealt with in fuli detail.

The field of activity of the institute can be roughly classified as fołlows:

Fundamental research

Under pure fundamental research are classified studies on the formation and growth of ice-nuclei and snów crystals and the relationship of thesc processes with wcather conditions. These problems have proved to be particularly important in the investigation of atmospheric icing phenomena and hail formation. Of the geographic-hydrological kind are investigations on the ąuantity of snów deposit at various altitudes and in different climatic regions and on the total water economy i.e. the balance between precipitation, evaporation and run-off. At several open air sites in the surroundings of Davos excava-tions of snów profiles are undertaken periodically and comparcd with the current observations of precipitation, in order to obtain the necessary information about these problems. Forty additional stations, which are distributed over the entire Swiss alpine region are also contributing valuable data.

But the core of the fundamental research doubtlessly consists of the investigations on the crystallographic and mechanical properties of the deposited snów. It is of great interest first to observe the behaviour of samples under laboratory conditions and afterwards to investigate the properties of the snów in the natural and free stratification and under all changing atmospheric conditions. Snów mechanics gives information about specific gravity, firmness, plasticity and elasticity of various kinds of snów. It makes possible thecalculation of compressive, tensile and shearing stresses in a natural inclined layer of snów

Institut fidóral pour 1'ótudc de la neige et des avalanches

Alors que durant des decennies les methodes de protection contrę les avalanches avaient ete etablies de manićre purement empiriąue et que dans ce domaine Pinitiativc avait etć plus ou moins laissee aux organes forcstiers locaux et cantonaux, 1’Inspection federale des forets decida en 1932 de faire appel a la science moderne pour trouver, sur la basc d’etudes fonda-mcntales, les mcilleurs moyens dc Iutter contrę les avalanches. Une equipe de jeunes savants travailla donc pendant plusieurs hivers dans les environs de Davos, oil la neige est abondante, et crea ses propres instruments et methodes de recherches. Cette maniere de faire se revela tres heureuse et promit des resultats encourageants. Toutefois, on manquaitd’unpersonnel permanent pouvant se vouer uniquement aux problemes de la neige, et surtout d’un Iaboratoire et de bureaux appropries.

Le danger cree par les avalanches aliant toujours croissant dans les vallees alpestres, et les frais d’etablissement et d'entretien des ouvrages de defense contrę les avalanches atteignant des sommes importantes, le Parlement, malgre les depenses consi-derables occasionnees par la defense nationale, se montra favorable a ces travaux de recherche et accorda les fonds necessaires a la construction d’un Iaboratoire au coeur du Parsenn, paradis des skieurs, malheureusement expose aux dangers d’avalanchcs.

Actuellement, 1’Institut, qui relćve de 1’Inspection federale des forets, emploie au total 14 personnes, dont 6 universitaires. Les taches prevues a Porigine se sont devcloppees dans diffe-rentes directions et, aujourd’hui, tous les problemes scienti-fiques et pratiques en relation avec la neige et la glace retiennent son attention. II va de soi quc seuls quclques-uns d’entre eux peuvent etre etudies a fond par cette petite equipe de cher-cheurs.

Le domaine de travail peut se subdiviser comme suit: Recherches fondamentales

Les recherches fondamentales comprennent les etudes sur la formation et la croissance des germes de glace et des cristaux de neige et la relation qui existe entre ces processus et les conditions meteorologiques. Ces questions se sont revelees particulterement importantes etant en rapport direct avec les phenomenes atmospheriques de formation de givre et de grele. Les problemes conccmant ramoncellement de la neige £ differentes altitudes et sous divers climats et le bilan total des eaux resultant de Pevaporation et de Pecoulement sont de naturę gćographique et hydrologique. Afin d’obtcnir des renseignements sur ces questions, on procede periodiquement, dans divers champs d’experimentation en plein air a proximite dc Davos, a des releves dc profils et on les compare aux precipitations qui sont constamment mesurees. 40 autres stations reparties sur toute la region des Alpes suisses fournis-sent aussi de precieuses indications.

Les recherches sur les caracteristiques cri$tallographiques et mecaniques de la vieille neige forment certainement le centre des etudes fondamentales. On s’interesse tout d’abord au comportement d’echantillons dans des conditions de labora-toire definies, puis aux caracteristiques de la neige dans sa stratification naturelle, en plein air, et soumise a toutes les influences variables du temps. La mecanique de la neige ren-seigne sur le poids, la consistance, la plasticitć et Pelasticite de differentes sortes de neiges. Elle permet de calculer la com-pression longitudinale, la traction et le cisaillement dans la couverture de neige naturellement inclinee, et, le cas echćant, si la limite de resistance est depassee, de constater des fissures; elle montre la relation existant entre la formation d’avalanchcs,

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