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Etyka troski i etyka sprawiedliwości 131

ETHICS OF CARE AND ETHICS OF JUSTICE DO ES MORAL1TY DEPEND ON GENDER?

Summary

Articlc prcscnts the ethics of care by Carol Gilligan in controvcrsy with Lawrcncc Kohlberg’s stages of morał development. Gilligan discovered that women tumed to be deficient in morał development when measured by Kohlberg's scalę (usually on the third stage of his six stages). She rejected the scalę as derived from the study of men. Her own studies suggest that autonomy and morał rights are not so important for women as care and rcsponsibility for pcrsons in rclationships; morał problems arise from conflicting responsibilities rather than from competing rights and rulcs; women have different morał priorities; morality of rights and nonintcrfcrence are frightcning to women because presupposc indifference; women's ethics is not the ethics of justice but the ethics of care (three stages of morał development: care for myself, care for others, the balance between the care for myself and the care for others). Later research showed that the two morał orientations are not dividcd between biołogical sexes but rather cultural genders (cultural constructions of mascu-linity and fcmininity). The ethics of care has its own problems (the care for evil). Autlior claims that both pcrspcctives convcrgc and are ncxt dilcmma in ethics. Morał maturity must encompass both justice and care.