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toe, 1983) using relatively high dust concentra-ions: 20.2 ± 3.6 mg/m³ of crocidolite fibers Reeves et al., 1974) or ~1070 glass fibers/cm³ Morriset et al., 1979). However, using this ad-ninistration route, there is a huge fiber accumu-ation onto the fur of the animals which is licked »y the animals. This generates fiber contamina-ion of the gut and also fiber release in the [Uoxication chambers: these phenomena are pinimized using the nose-only administration oute described here. At least, nose-only exposure llows precise control of the exposure level and ost entry (Bunn et al., 1993; Bernstein et al., 995). The generation system and the flow past ose-only exposure described here is very similar fi its design to the one described by Bernstein et 1. (1995) so that mice breathe only fresh fiber erosol while exhaled air is exhausted. Such hambers are now commercially available.

In this work, we have validated a nose-only ihalation chamber, studying the biological ef-icts of a crocidolite aerosol on mice: to our nowledge, if mice were used in commercially vailable nose-only inhalation chambers, such • udies were rarely reported in the scientific lit-rature and could be extended to transgenic mice arrying a reporter gene in order to evaluate if atural or man-made fibers induce mutations on ing DNA. Moreover this work has shown that relatively mild 5 days intoxication gives a hronic inflammatory response and a high fiber urden in the mouse lungs 1 month later.

cknowledgements

The authors are indebted to D. Zissu and L. ►elsaut for histological processing and analysis, > A. Peltier for the atomie spectroscopy data id to Professor A. Le Faou for valuable dis-lssion and critical review of the manuscript.

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