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• nik On the basis of an analysis of the formulations utilizing the concept of the commu-■ j_s claimed that in various contexts this category takes on a somewhat different seman-^nlt hue' signifying one of the typcs of social group within a wider society, or it remains a ref-

erence to entire globa! population.

Maria Hołubowicz: THE REPRESENTATION OF THE BALTIC STATES

IN THE POLISH PRESS 1990-2002

The aim of the study, which is based upon empirical research, is to present the picture of the three Baltic States: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as they appeared in the Polish press over the period 1990-2002. Files with press cuttings from the documentation department of the daily Rzeczpospolita wcre used in the analysis. These cover 10 national newspapers and magazines. The quantitativc and qualitative analysis of the above materials allowed First and foremost for one to State that Lithuania was given by far the greatest coverage in the Polish oress. This equally allowed for the observation of how covcrage of these countries has evolved in the Polish press over the last ten years. As a result of favourable international de-velopments they are presented less as an intcrnal matter of the USSR and Russia and morę as independent States. Thirdly, the analysis brings clearly into focus Poland’s extremely cau-tious policy in relation to Baltic independence. Finally, as opposed to the Western press, the Polish press shows the main differences which have taken place between these three repub-lics, simultaneously presenting Poland as an advocate of these new neighbours and their as-pirations for integration with European and NATO structures.

Kazimierz Wolny-Zmorzyński: REPORTAGE AND FEATURE -AN ATTEMPT AT A COMPARATiVE CHARACTER1ZATION

Reportage has aroused discussion for years. It is considered by certain researchers to be a fonn situated on the border between literaturę and other functional types of writing, by oth-ers to be merely a type of joumalism. The present time has shown however that reporters themselves, when talking about reportage, do not think of its literariness (the composing of plots, the usage of fiction) but rather about its documentary character. But closer in its docu-mentary character is the American feature.

In order to compare these two genres of journalistic writing the author has presented the short story (novella) as tertium comparationis. He also analyzes the present use of these genres ofjournalism and their reception in Poland, claiming that the feature form is slowly oust-ing literary reportage.

Stanisław Michalczyk: MAINSTREAMS IN GERMAN

SCIENCE OF COMMUNICATION

The article presents contemporary tendencies and development conditions of German science of communication. The author discusses — on the base of observations and literaturę — its ten main directions. They are as follows: communication and mass communication as scientific disciplines; political communication; local communication; construction of reality by mass media (problem of objectivity); uses of the media; effectiveness of the media; economics and organisation of mass media; new media; foreign media systems; theory and practice of joumalism.

State and conditions of science of communication in Germany result from historical ex-periences (old research traditions), needs of journalists’ education, media practice and political practice; and human factor (competition among researchers). The author discusses some dozens of theoretical and empirical books, published lately in Germany in last few years.