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valucs ₍duniig.llic‘ Holocene pliascs',ol' reesiablishment of thc cquilibrium latcsl of purlorward and partially provcn (Stark The analysis^of the^relaiiph between tl

domina nce.of Chemical _or-mechanićaK'ones.(Borówka 1985; Wojciechowski 1985). . ‘ Recentiy. K-Więckowski has disćovered .the deposits of the laminated gyttja. with a recorded anniial rhythm, m.the lakejjościąz near Płock in the zonę of thc maximum cxtcni of thc lasf.icc-shcct'' The abóvc will enablc to calibratc many straligraphic melhods. In all thVćasćs, a substantiarchangc in the type and ratę of scdimcntauon after dcforeslation"havć bccn stated. The washmg proccss was initiatcd simultaneously with the beginmng of the Neolithic,agriculture (Wasylikowa et al. 1985). Based on numerous datings ófthe profiles with the fossil soils, the original model of thc multi-phase developmenl of soils in Poland has been elaborated. indicating the role of humid phases in a maturation of thcsoil profiles (Kowalkowski 1984). The changes in thc scdimcntalibn ratę of thc pcatlands,havc bccn summanzed by S. Żurek (1984) parallely with thc attempts of a large team of palcobotanists working on the history of the lakes and peatlands. the team acting outside this project (under the supervision of M. Ralska -Jasiewiczowa). .The studies on the malacofauna history allowcd to reconstruct thc therma! and water changcs as weli lhosc in forestation (Alcxandrowicz 1983). The molusca turped out tó be a vcry scnsitivc indicator of thc local changes.

The following have becn stated based on thc cntire studies of the increasmg human impact on the environment: - due to deforestation and cultivation of the soils a generał acceleration of the energy and matter circulation has been achievcd which rcsultcd in aggradation in dćprcssions, somctimcs dircctly at thc foot of thc slopc, when the removal of the materiał lag bchind the supply.

PRFSFNT-DAY PH YSICO-GF.OGRAPHICAL PROCF.SSF.S IN VARIOUS TYPHS OF FNVIRONMFNT.

The field studies were aimed at determination of the type. dircction and ratę of thc proccsscs of the cxchange of energy and matter under thc natural conditions and those of thc human activity. The studies werc conccntratcd in the Carpathians, in the belt of the uplands, in the region of the Włocławek reservoir and on the Pomeranian Morainic Piaieau (Fig. 3).

The studies on thc radiation balance and cxchange of the energy between the atmosphcrc and ground werc continucd (Piiszvnski et al. 19X3: Cjrzybowski 19841. The mcchanism of the transformation of precipitation into the overland flow and throughllow and transfer into the runoff from a catchment has been recogmzed in the Carpathians (Słupik 1981; Froehlich and Słupik 1986). The role of the type and changes of thc land use in thc runoff modclling havc been stated in the Ropa catchment (Soja 1981). The oscillations of the ground water table and ground water temperatures were investigated on the fiat bank in the surrounding of the Włocławek reservoir (Glazik 1986). In rclalion to thc catastrophic ice-jam and llood in the zonę of the baekwater of thc Włocławek rcscrvoir thc influence of the depth and the type of channels onto the ice covcr and ice-jam formation was determined (Grześ 1986).

Numerous works were devoied to the present-day morphogenetic processcs. The rclations between the magnitude of leaching and the carbonatc contcnt in thc substratum rocks’ri loesses. marls (Janiec 1985). łlysh rocks (Wclc 1985) and glacial