8589356566
38 JACEK LECH
Fig. 59. Krasnoye Sclo, Volkovysk dist. Shaft No 17 from excavation IV
Aftcr N.N.Gurina
7. OTHER WORKINGS
Other methods of obtaining raw materiał to meet needs of thc flint industry among early farming communi-ties, i.e. drift mining, horizontal mining changing into drift mining and ąuarrying, arc not known yet from the area of Central Europę. For that reason, there is no need to discuss them here. They have bcen studied by
M. Jahn and E. Schmid. Poorly known discoveries of mines with drift expIoitation come from the territory of Ukrainę — region of Kamieniec Podolski in thc basin of the middle Dnestr and the region of Donieck. They have been discussed lately by N. N. Gurina who cite earlier literaturę on the subject (1976, 102 f.).
VI. THE PROBLEM OF THE SIZE OF THE MINING FIELD
It has been a difficult task, for most of thc invcstiga-tors of prehistorie flint mines, to quantify the sizc of the exploitation area; in other words — the mining field (Krukowski 1939, 11 f., 130). The surface of the mining field covers the territory occupied by exploitation units i.e. workings formed in the deposit itself. In the primeval conditions, a mining field was marked by hollows from old workings and heaps of waste rock. In addition, there were sometimes partly filled hollows which had once been workshops for processing the flint. The Ievelling processes which went on for thousands years almost completely obliterated the primeval landscape on most mines (Lech 1971, 117; 1975a). Only a few prehistorie mines in Europę preserved visible traces of their former use. Among the better preserved ones are Krzemionki (Fig. 60). Borownia, Korycizna and farther away Grime's Graves and Cissbury. That is why it is not possible to characterize the size of prehistorie flint mines using only sites from Central Europę. It is necessary to include thc mines from morę distant territories.
Even in these lucky cases where elements of the pri-meval landscape from the period of raw materiał ex-ploitation are preserved, they do not necessarily reflect the real size of thc mining field. This is shown by unmis-takable investigations at Grime’s Graves (Armstrong 1923, 117; 1926, 121; Ciarkę 1971, 12; Sieveking et alii
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