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PREFACE

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S«tion 1:Cai PHYSIOLOCY. FLUID H... •Chopter 1: The Celi ondflwdMomeos... CELL STRUCHJRE AND ORGANIZAT1... THE CELI MEMBRANĘ FLUID COMPARTMENTS: SIZE AND C. .. OSMOSIS. STARLINC FORCES. AND... * Choptef 2: Mem bronę Transport CaLULAR TRANSPORTU PASSIYE A...

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ION CHANNELS

SICNAL TRANSOUCTION MECHANIS-. ReviewQuestlorvs

Section 2: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND...

•    Chopter 3: Nerw and Moście Physiotogy

RESHNG MEMBRANĘ POTENTlALS ELECTROPHYSKAL PRtNCIPLES ACTlON POTENTlALS ACTION POTENTIAL CONDUCTK>N SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION N EUROMUSCUl AR JUNCTION SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGAN IZATI ON EXC1TATłON<ONTRACTK>N COUPLI.. THE SŁIDING FlLAMENT THEORY MECHANICAL CONSIOERATIONS IN... SMOOTH MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE

•    CHAPTER 4: Or$*nlzationand G*nera...

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THC PERIPH1RAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - CHAPTER S Sensory Phys^oloęy SENSORY RECEPTORS THE VtSUAL SYSTEM THE AUDlTORY SYSTEM THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM CHEMICAL SENSES

•    CHAPTER 6: The Somatic Motor System

MUSCLE SPINDLES SPINAŁ R£FL£XCS

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•    CHAPTER 7: The Autonomie Nervous...

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ATPase transporter: ton ATPase (ion pump)

Na*/K*-ATftse H‘-ATPase H VK+-ATPase Ca²‘-ATPase

J. Perkins

MS. mfa

IkMlffŁłJ Primary (1°) Active Transport The proteins involved

in primary active transport require energy in the form of ATP to transport substances aaainst their concentration oradients._

Membranę Transport

concentration gradient (e.g., Na', Cl", K', Ca^:f) (see Fig. 2 Selectivity depends on the size of the ion, as well as its cli Gated channels can open or elose in response to diff stimuli. Stimuli such as sound, light, mechanical str Chemicals, and voltage changes can affcct control of th flux by controlling the gating systems.

Types of channels include the following:

Ligand-gated channels are opened by the binding ligand specific for that channel, such as acetylch (ACh). Binding of the ligand to its receptor cause channel to open, allowing ion movement. These ar rameric or pentameric (four or fivc protein sub channels.

Voltage-gatcd channels open in response to a chan membranę voltage. These channels are ion-specific are composed of several subunits, with transmeml domains forming a pathway for ion flux acros: membranę.

Gap junction channels (also called hemichannels formed between two adjacent cells and open to ;