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Hartmann. Sweden

ments and areas for eiperimentation with new forms of entrepreneurial thinking. (Hartmann, 1985; ERS. 1986) On the other hand, the plethora of employment measures also gives rise to a huge bureaucratic apparatus of administration with its own set of rules and objectives which might be rather distant to both the aspiration of individuals and the needs of society.

In a local study it was noticed that different employment measures within a municipality had led to the growth of competing organizations looking for unemployed youth and placing them in various types of employment schemes. If the same number of young people had been employed as ordi-nary Staff in preschools and other municipal services, the public would have saved about 10% of the costs due to the reduction of administrative personnel within the schemes. (Hagberg et al., 1986) However, a transfer of resources to local authorities would also mean a transfer of power and steering-ability from central government to a variety of local decision-makers who rather follow their local preferences than keep in linę with the economic planning interest on the national level. Permanent public employment would also include a higher risk of overemphasizing the role of public services and of preventing the available work-force to change over to growing sectors in private economy.

In generał, the policy measures to avoid youth unemployment in Sweden have led to very Iow overt youth unemployment, a rise in secondary edu-cation and vocational training in schools, a further decrease in youth par-ticipation on the open labour market and a Shift of problems from the teenage-groups to the twens in the age-brackets 20-24.