Gramatyka historyczna Gramatyka historyczna 30.11.2012
Main IndoEuropean sub-families
Fennell- a history of..
Piles etc.
A history of the English language… - (coś znaleźć) – (Prehistory of the English language, old English, Middle English, + great vowel shift(from modern English chapter).
Division is sub-families and the most important members (learn by heart, very important).
Indo-Iranian - one of the most important and numerous (number of speakers ) – includes languages as Hindi, is spoken by approximately 1 billion people. They are divided into southern and northern branch. In southern Sanskrit is most important, although not spoken any more, used only for religious purposes. It is important because the oldest written sacred text from 1000 B.C. were written in this language. Also important because of Panini – the first grammarian who wrote first grammar in Sanskrit making distinctions in language. Some of the words are still used. Exocentric (Bahuvrihi) compounds – bahuvrihi comes from Sanskrit.
Hindi and Urdu are also important. 1st spoken in India, 2nd in Pakistan. If you speak one of them you should understand the second. The difference is that they use different alphabets and are spoken in different countries, the rest is almost the same.
Romany is a language used by the Gypsies – spoken by 250000 people. Normally the name of the lang, comes from the name of the people, Gypsies spokes Romany, that’s because they origin. When they came to the Europe first, they were thought to come from English
Iranian group: Persian and Avestan – are important.
Anatolian – Satem branch – they are all dead. They were spoken about 2000 B.C. in present day Turkey and Syria. The most important is Hittite – discovered 1915. Important because this is the oldest written language in the European group.
BALTO-SLAVIC FAMUILY - sometimes Baltci are treated as a separate family, sometimes they are treated together. The division took a little earlier than those in Celtic etc.
Lithuanian and Latvian – (also Old Prussian).
Baltic lang. seem to be most conservative in the whole Indo-European family (7 cases in Polish, 6 in Russian, 4 in German, in English only ONE – ending marked morphologically – saxon –‘s. In personal pronouns we distinguish 3 cases : Nominativ: I, Genitive: my, Accusative: me. It is believed that in ProtoIndoEuropean there were 8 cases (7 Polish + ablative – expressing meaning “from”). The same with gender, which in English are present only in pronouns, except natural gender.
Slavic(Slavonic) - 3 subgroups – names reflect geographic distribution – east, west and south Slavonic. The most important languages from East are Russian (also whithe Russian) and Ukrainian. West – Polish, Czech, Slovak (but not all, like for example Kashubian in Poland, or Sorbian(Wendish) – Łużycki - spoken in eastern Germany). South – Slovanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian (Serbo-Croatian). Slavonic languages use different alphabets: Roman and Cyrillic. If a country accepted Christianity from Rome, they used Roman alphabet, if from East – The Cyryllic alphabet was used (name comes from st. Cyryll). Old Church Slavonic – Staro cerkiewno słowiański it is conncted with South Slavic lang. Another name that sometimes is used is Old Bulgarian.
POLISH - Poland is linguistically relatively homogenous. Our language developed when our contry began to exist, so 10th century. It is not relatively old language. Written documents come from 12th century. Polish is rather consonantal language. There are difficult consonantal clasters
THESE WERE SATEM!!
Now KENTUM:
Greek – spoken in Greece – belongs to Hellenic languages. All her sisters are dead, so it is the only living member in this family.
Italy – as the rest of sister comes from vulgar latin ( common people). – Italian
French – spoken in France, although there is Occitan spoken in the South, having something in common with Spanish, . In France also Breton is spoken, and it belongs to Celtic languages.
North of Portugal Galician is spoken, it is a mixture of Spanish and Portuguese.
In Amercias – South – mostly Spanish, in Brazil : Brazilian - Portuguese. In Guyana and Surinam English, Dutch, French.
CELTIC - used to be spoken all over the Europe, now spoken in the western corner of Europe. There is a mention in the bible of celctic people, in letter to ‘Galatów’. Nowadays Celctic languages are divided into 2 groups: (division basen on ‘K’)
P – Celctic – ‘p’ – Welsh (Wales), Breton, Cornish (spoken in Cornwall, dead now).
Q – Celtic – ‘k’ – Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manks(?) – died in the last century
Like in 4: Irish: ceathair /kiatry/, in Welsh pedwar /pedor/. Both words are related.
GERMANIC – protoGermanic language was originally justa dialect of European. It has to be reconstructed. The earliest Germanic inscriptions come from 3rd century A.D. – Scandinavian inscriptions on stones. Traditionally divided in: East, North and West Germanic. The most important is GOTHIC.