NEW THREATS FOR EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FACE OF
NEW CHALLENGES
COL dr Dariusz Majchrzak
National Defence University, Warsaw
Manager of Crisis Management Branch
d.majchrzak@aon.edu.pl
Challenges and threats in an organization
In a complex and globalized world a significant role is played by regional political
and economical organizations. One of such organizations is The European Union (EU),
which is a specific platform where independent states cooperate together in the area of
economic issues, what allow the EU to exchange goods, workers and lead common politics
including finance and security aspects. There is one main goal for states belonging to the
EU – to provide all members with economical and political security. Those two aspects
create balance for the EU. Economic cooperation should give the EU possibilities to be a
significant player on global scale, security activity inside and outside the EU gives the
opportunity for balanced development for people in member states.
The EU is an organization. Each organization can be described as a system, which
consists of people, technology, purposes (called mission) for functioning, structures and
coordinating elements. All those elements create subsystems for each organization
1
. The
definition by prof. Sienkiewicz explains a system as a every complex object highlighted
from the rest of reality, which is all created by a set of elementary objects (elements) and
links (relationships) between them
2
. The EU as a system is susceptible to external and
internal factors, which have great influence on its functioning. It seems to be possible to
find plenty of criteria to divide the factors and estimate their influence for the EU. All the
factors depend on economical political, sociological and environmental reality within and
out of the EU. This creates challenges and threats for the EU, which should aid
development as the end goal. Any given challenge is a signal to take appropriate action and
find possibilities of reaction to achieve benefits. This means that a new situation is being
1
Zob. J. Penc, Zarządzanie dla przyszłości. Twórcze kierowanie firmą (Management for the future. Creative
management company), Wydawnictwo Profesjonalnej Szkoły Biznesu, Cracow 1998, s. 22.
2
P. Sienkiewicz, Engineering of systems, Warsaw 1983, p. 27
2
created which demands taking some steps and reactions from the organization, as it poses a
warning and defines new point of view. Every challenge has great influence on each
organization and can cause either a positive or negative effect. Positive effect is a chance,
which is understood as the probability of achieving something. It is a factor which gives
opportunity for development of an organization. Negative effect on the other hand, usually
implies the emergence of threats, which is randomly or intentionally a significant factor
(event, phenomenon) for an organization. This may lead to destabilization and turbulence.
The term threats means the situation when there is a probability of a dangerous condition
3
appearance. That’s why threats can be a direct and significant reason to the commencement
of variable process, which can cause crisis situation, loss of control over reality and in
consequence – a crisis. It is the main reason to take action in order to prevent or react to
threats to avoid dangerous situations and crises. It is possible to show a lot of threats,
which can be grouped in collections accordingly with criteria. There are plenty of splits but
the most profound it seems to be by rendered by sources and causes. Following this idea, it
is possible to distinguish:
1.
Natural threats which include biological, geological (tectonically), climate,
cosmological and similar issues.
2.
Technical - fire, contamination, catastrophe, communication and building
disasters etc.
3.
Sociological - terrorism, migrations, social unrest, military conflicts, riots etc.
4.
Civilizations - diseases, drug addictions, urban development, new ideas,
unemployment, organized crime etc.
Another category are environmental threats. They can be related to natural causes
(eg. climate), technical (eg. emissions), social (eg. overcrowding), or civilization (eg.
urbanization).
Thus, it seems to be reasonable to say, that all activity of the independent states
should have one main aim – to protect people, environment and property against the
threats, which is the basic definition of national security. There are plenty definitions and
approaches to security theory, and it is not a matter of this article. But it is needed to reflect
what meaning of national security is in the wider aspect of European security. National
security concept gives prominence to the state as a subject responsible for security. There
are two main approaches to security: one includes the role of a state, the next highlights the
3
G. Sobolewski [red.], Zagrożenia kryzysowe (Crisis management), AON, Warsaw 2011, p. 26.
3
nation. State security is defined as actions aiming at organized protection and defence
against threats, and the immediate relation of defence potential to the scale of threats
4
.
State security is should be designed for each state according to its needs, and harmonize all
kind of needs (individual, group, public, national and state), taking into account all
factors
5
. This creates new approaches connected with nations, and expands the idea of
security on values and needs of individuals and various social groups. National security
can be thus defined as the ability of the state and the people to provide possibilities to
survive, to retain one’s own territory, political independence, internal stability and
accepted life standards. This is possible due to both negative activity (aiming at combating
threats) and positive activity that creates development conditions to develop.
Taking into account the definition of national defense system, as an internally
coordinated set of elements of organizational, human and material inter-related and up to
defend the state, and also the definition given by the Dictionary of National Security - a set
of internally structured and interrelated elements, people, organizations, facilities, working
to preserve military security (military) of state
6
, one can conclude by analogy that the
European security system is the coordinated internally set of organizational elements
(states and organizations), human and material inter-related and up to defend the
European Union.
The EU is a system and organization but it is reasonable to consider a question
whether the EU can be regard as a subject of IR, and can be described as a unity influenced
by all kind of threats? European Union is not a state. The EU is typical political and
economical organization and it can be considered in this reality only. When challenges and
threats for the EU are described, the classification is constrained to natural and
technological aspects, which are under protection of member stares individually. Let’s try
to regard the EU as a one coherent organization on the strategic level where sociological
and civilizations threats analysis will be emphasized.
4
Słownik z zakresu bezpieczeństwa narodowego (National security dictionary), AON, Warsaw 2010, p. 16.
5
W. Kitler, Bezpieczeństwo narodowe. Podstawowe kategorie, dylematy pojęciowe i próba systematyzacji,
(National security, term’s dilemmas and systematization) Zeszyt Problemowy nr 1 (61)2010, TWO, Warsaw
2010, p. 16.
6
B. Balcerowicz, J. Pawłowski, Dictionary of National Security, Warsaw 2002, p. 141.
4
Challenges for the EU
According to the statement issued by Foreign Ministers’ group 15 June 2012, main
challenges for the future of Europe lie in overcoming the economic, financial and debt
crises. But it is also underlined that crisis management alone is not enough. The EU should
be deeply convinced that charting a course for the future of Europe beyond the current
crises, will ultimately help to solve the pressing challenges immediately ahead. The EU
needs decisive steps on the basis of the three pillars of fiscal consolidation,
competitiveness and growth, and solidarity. In order to improve its political capacity for
action, the EU needs to achieve a stronger pooling of sovereignty in the medium-term in
some areas.
The next challenge is the issue that alongside practical reform steps to overcome the
current crisis, citizens need to be convinced that the EU can play a decisive role in
maintaining our interests and values globally, and contribute to resolving global
challenges. The EU needs to demonstrate that it is capable to respond to global challenges
and speak with one voice on central questions on the international agenda, at the same time
respecting the subsidiarity of countries and regions
7
.
The next challenge for the EU is the changing European awareness. Europe is
sometimes seen as part of the problem rather than part of the solution. What is more, the
existing “narrative” of the European Union as an instrument for banishing war in Europe is
no longer sufficient for today’s “Erasmus generation”. The state members must realize
about gains of existing common market and freedom of movement for citizens. This, in a
simple way can bring benefits for all member states and the EU as a whole. New political
and economic global players are gaining more influence. In dealing with these new
powerhouses, the EU will only be able to uphold our values and pursue our interests
effectively, if we pool our strengths much more both internally and in dealing with the
outside world.
Moreover, multiculturalism is the result of multinationality of the EU and the
history of the continent. Variety of cultures demands to finding common values, which
would be the base for common politics, external directions and economy, including the
financial dimension. Multiculturalism is caused by migrations of people as well. This
phenomena can be observed within the EU and outside the borders. People are looking for
7
The time for a debate on the Future of Europe is now, Foreign Ministers’ group on the Future of Europe
Chairman’s Statement for an Interim Report, 15 June 2012, p. 2.
5
better conditions for their life, and when this fact becomes uncontrolled, special solutions
must be fond to gain positive effect.
Financial, economical and geopolitical factors are the most important as a challenge
for the EU, as they make the distribution of power in the world is shift. As a possible
result, the transatlantic cooperation can be a weaker, unpredictable reality, globalizations
could happen, which has influence on new processes of regionalization. It is extremely
important for the EU to be able to face such challenges, to avoid new threats and develop.
The EU as a system has own measures of facing challenges and threats. It is possible
to show the European security system as a coordinated internally set of organizational
elements (states and organizations), human and material inter-related. In that case the
essence of the European security system are the international and the national
elements, which exist in many subsystems together with links between them and the
information center for decisions - IT (management subsystem). The EU has
possibilities to manage crisis situations. Using European bodies the EU is able to take
action in non-military, military, inner and external dimensions.
Crisis response system in the EU
The most important for security of the EU is introduced by Maastricht Treaty 1992,
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), where all the EU states expressed their will
to reinforce national civil and military potentials to take action in the future areas of
possible crisis operations. The turning point in security policy was the EU Council meeting
held in Helsinki in December 1999, where the European Headline Goal – EHG was
adopted and a new element, the European Security Defense Policy (ESDP) was introduced
enabling the EU to take action of both political and military nature on the grounds of the
“Petersberg Tasks”. A new organization within CFSP, introduced by Lisbon Treaty, is the
European External Action Service, that supports the High Representative.
Taking into account the above content we could point that the essence of CSDP is
the cooperation between the EU states under control of common EU institutions in
order to increase the role of EU in the European security zone by deployment of
troops and resources of Member States in order to build conditions for political,
military, inner and external reaction. It is also indispensible to prepare military
structures to take action of both political and military nature.
6
Let’s then consider how the European system of security within CSDP works. All
matters are based on multinational agreement. A modern position of the EU demands to
have possibilities to respond in case of various threats
The EU’s most significant body of decision makers on CSDP, is the European
Council, a meeting forum of heads of states and governments (presidents and / or prime
ministers) of all the EU countries with the European Commission President. The European
Council meets, in principle, two times a year to agree the overall EU policy and to assess
the progress of its implementation. Often the meetings are called "peaks". The European
Council in its competence affects the requests from the European Commission and takes
binding decisions by 'qualified majority', consensuses and unanimously, especially in
matters of CFSP police, as well as the judicial cooperation in criminal matters, but each
state has the right of a veto. This is the reason for main problems and misunderstanding
between the Members States. It is very difficult to find common interest in foreign policy
among states form different regions, and what is more significant, it is extremely difficult
to justify unpopular decision to public opinion in own country. The European Council
takes decisions in all the dimensions.
Within a few years, there have been attempts to improve the way decisions are made
within the framework of ESDP. The key decisions, however, still require an unanimous
vote, which was not easy since the time when the EU had 15 members,
and now when there are 27 is even more difficult. Despite the involvement of members of
governments of each state in ESDP, they sometimes find that a change in national policy in
the name of the EU solidarity is not easy. To see how difficult the task sometimes is, it is
enough to look at the deep divisions among the EU Member States that formed in spring
2003 against the approval of the UN Security Council led by the United States war in Iraq.
The Council of the European Union, formerly called the Council of Ministers,
includes the ministers of the governments of all the EU countries. The council meets
regularly to take detailed decisions and to adopt the EU law. Council’s main tasks include
enacting EU legislation, coordinating the broad economic policies of the EU Member
States, signing agreements between the EU and other countries, approving the annual EU
budget, developing the Foreign And Defense Policy and coordinating the cooperation
between courts and police forces of the Member States. The EU Council is a very
important body that deals with the matters of CFSP and CSDP. The special role in the area
of foreign policy and external dimension has the Foreign Affairs Council which replaced
7
the Council for General Affairs and External Relations (GAREC), and it is the meeting of
foreign ministers of the Members State.
The European Commission is a politically independent institution that represents
and promotes the interests of the European Union as a whole. It formulates draft
legislation, political projects, programs and is responsible for implementing the decisions
of Parliament and the Council. In the matter of security, the Commission is responsible
mainly for the inertial and external dimension of all activities of the EU. The
Commission's task is to represent and protect the interests of the whole Union. The
Commission oversees and implements the EU’s policies in particular areas by presenting
proposals for new legislation to Parliament, the Council, and the management of the EU’s
budget. It also allocates resources, enforces the EU’s law (together with the Court of
Justice), represents the EU internationally, for example by negotiating agreements
between the EU and other countries.
In addition, within the Commission certain mechanisms are located, which are
helpful and responsible for internal security: the Instrument for Stability, Civil Protection
Mechanism and Financial Instrument for Civil Protection. On 15
th
November 2006, there
was established the so-called Instrument for Stability
8
which replaced the rapid reaction
mechanism (the external dimension). The instrument was established to allow the EU to
take organized action against crisis situation in foreign countries. This initiative gives
abilities to the EU to form long term strategies in the aspect of external relationships and
relations. The strategies take measures in the development of financial, economic and
technical cooperation with countries outside the EU, first of all in a crisis situation or the
beginning of a crisis situation - to restore properly the conditions for cooperation and
implementation of common regional politics. The second case is when the conditions are
stable. In that case the EU builds potential to fight against the global and transregional
threats that destabilize international order and ensure a stabile condition before and after
given crisis situation. The catalogue of tasks to define engagement of the EU is created
within the Instrument for Stability. The catalogue contains: support in a crisis situation;
help in a stabile conditions; extraordinary measures to intervene, and reaction programs.
8
Regulation (EC) No 1717/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council of 15 November 2006
establishing an Instrument for Stability.
8
The Civil Protection Mechanism was established on 19
th
December 1997
9
. The role
of the Mechanism is to increase the level of coordination within the European
Communities, the Member States and the European Commission through procedures and
organizational structures. The Mechanism is a typical project in the inertial dimension.
This cooperation allows the European Commission carrying out the tasks to protect the
environment and sustain social development. The Civil Protection Mechanism is a subject
to the Unit of Civil Protection (Civil Protection Unit, the CPU), which is subject to the
Directorate General for the Environment.
To improve the coordination of civil protection, actions were undertaken in case of
natural disasters, technological, radiological contamination in the marine waters and the
effects of terrorist attacks that could have happened in the European Union and beyond. On
8
th
November 2007, a new Mechanism Civil Protection formula was given. Within this
Mechanism, there has been created, among others, the Monitoring and Information Centre
(MIC) and the Common Emergency Communication and Information System, CECIS.
The support element of both initiatives is the Financial Instrument for Civil
Protection, which gives public the protection by providing financial assistance. The
instrument was established on 5
th
March 2007 by the European Union at the request of the
European Commission, taking into account the European Parliament
10
. Its purpose is to
raise effectiveness of the European Union to respond in the event of an emergency
situation such as natural disasters and disasters caused by man, acts of terrorism, including
chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear terrorism, and technical disasters. The
instrument allows to improve all preventive and preparatory measures in case of any
emergency situation.
The European Parliament is the only Community institution that is elected in
general elections. Depending on the population, the number of seats for each Member State
is predicted. The Members of Parliament sit in political groups rather than national.
Parliament directs the work of the President, who is elected by the plenary. The Parliament
meets in session mode, and the sessions last for a year. The European Parliament has three
main functions:
−
legislative (debates over the European law and adopts it together with the
Council);
9
Council Decision 98/22/EC of 19 December 1997 establishing a Community action programme in the field
of civil protection.
10
Council Decision of 5 March 2007 establishing Civil Protection Financial Instrument, Official Journal L
071, 03/10/2007 P. 0009-0017. It covers the period from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2013.
9
−
budget (debates over the EU budget and adopts it with the Council);
−
control (supervises other EU institutions, in particular the Commission, to
ensure that they operate in a democratic way).
The first permanently functioning body of the ESDP is the Political and Security
Committee (PSC) established by the Council Decision of 22 January 2001, consisting of
ambassadors, permanent representatives of the Member States who meet two or three times
a week in Brussels. The Committee is responsible for monitoring the international
situation. It is a key element of the ESDP. In the event of a crisis, the PSC plays a decisive
role in the explicit expression of a coherent EU response and is responsible for political
oversight and decision-making at the strategic level about the use of troops. The
Committee in its activities provides, within the framework of ESDP, a platform for the
operation and cooperation of numerous EU institutions, NATO and non-EU countries. In
addition, the responsibilities of the Committee is to monitor the progress of the military
operation carried out by the militant groups and to exercise political control over the
compliance of the objectives in their operational activity and inform the Council about the
course of action. The Committee provides its activity in the external, military and non
military dimension.
The highest military body within the framework of ESDP is the EU Military
Committee (MC), which is composed of the Chiefs of Defense of the Member States,
represented by their military representatives. The Committee operates on the principle of
arrangements and agreements in the framework of the Political and Security Committee.
Its primary purpose is to make arrangements and coordinate the work of the military
among the EU countries, according to the direction set by the Standing Committee of
Safety, and to direct all military projects. In addition, the Military Committee sets the
directions of transformations in the activities of the military community. Moreover, the
Military Committee directs the military activities of the UE battle groups. The Military
Committee Chairman shall attend the EU council, where final decisions on the use of battle
groups are taken. MC functions in the military dimensions of security policy.
Directly subordinate to the Military Committee is the EU Military Staff (EU MS),
which is responsible for the conduct of military expertise in the framework of ESDP. The
Staff in coordination with the Military Committee (as its subordinate body) evaluates the
current situation to establish urgently a mechanism for immediate response, strategic
planning within the framework of the “Petersberg Tasks”, including the possibility of
determining the national and international forces in accordance with the provisions of the
10
Military Committee. The Military Staff is involved in strategic planning concerning
quantity, location and time of use of the combat groups. EU MS is strictly engaged in the
military component of Common Security and Defense Policy.
The combined Situation Centre (SITCEN) plays a leading role in distributing
significant information to the other EU institutions, especially those taking part in crisis
management. The Department of Analysis of the Situation Centre collects and provides
intelligence analysis from all sources. The classified intelligence reports are provided to
the main decision-makers of ESDP. The tasks in this area are strongly supported by the EU
Satellite Centre and the Intelligence Directorate of the EU Military Staff
11
. The analyses
made by the centre serve both military and non military dimensions.
The Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management is a body set by the
EU Council Decision of 22
nd
May 2002. Its mission is: to analyze the development of
crises, and prepare proposals on how to deal with a crisis situation through the means at the
disposal of the EU planning civilian operations in the CFSP. This authority shall forward
the Political Security options and proposals of capabilities for civilian use in EU-led
operations
12
.
The aforementioned main institutions and organizations of CFSP do not yet
constitute a comprehensive, full list. Among additional components we can mention also
the European Defense Agency, which provides research programs in the area of security,
or the Member States’ own security systems and other solutions in the area.
A series of relationships and interrelations should be established between the
elements creating a security system, as they will enhance the consistency of the entire
system. (Figure 1).
11
J. Gryz, system reagowania kryzysowego Unii Europejskiej (Respons system of European Union), Toruń
2010, p. 101.
12
Ibidem, p. 98.
11
Figure 1 Crisis response system of the EU
Source: authors’ elaboration
The European Security System works in four dimensions. The leading role is played
by the European Council in creating a common security system, along with coordinating
and controlling the behavior of individual states of the community. Except of the European
Council main bodies within Common Security Defence Policy (CSDP) are the Council of
the European Union at the level of Foreign Ministers; the European Commission including
Secretary General and High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; the
Political and Security Committee of Ambassadors (political directors); the EU Military
Committee; and the Military Staff (EU MS).
The above mentioned main institutions and organizations, together with other on
decisive or executive level, are responsible for Common Foreign Security Policy (CFSP),
which includes CSDP and contributes to creating the system as a complete entity. All these
institutions should cooperate with each other and culminate all the efforts in ensuring
consistency of the entire system.
12
Future role of the EU
Taking into account the identified challenges, we can indicate the threats which have
the biggest influence on EU - understood as an existing, comprehensive system. The
European Security Strategy indicates nowadays the following threats for the EU
13
:
Terrorism which threats personal security of citizens and imposes large costs; it
seeks to undermine the openness and tolerance of our societies, and it poses a
growing strategic threat to the whole of Europe. Increasingly, terrorist movements
are well-resourced, connected by electronic networks, and are willing to use
unlimited violence to cause massive casualties.
Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction that explores the weaknesses of
solutions within international treaty regimes and export control arrangements,
although the emergence of which has significantly diminished the spread of
WMD and their delivery systems. Now, however, we are entering a new and
dangerous period that raises the possibility of a WMD arms race, especially in the
Middle East. Advances in biological sciences may increase the potential of
biological weapons in the coming.
Regional conflicts, which can cause direct or indirect threats for the EU. There
are examples of regions like Kashmir, the Middle East Region, Balkan region or
the Korean Peninsula with great direct or indirec impact on European interests.
Violent or “frozen” conflicts, which also persist on our borders, threaten regional
stability. They destroy human lives and social and physical infrastructures; they
threaten minorities, fundamental freedoms and human rights. Conflicts can lead to
extremisms, terrorism and state failure and provides opportunities for organized
crime development. Regional insecurity can also fuel the demand for WMD.
State failure caused by bad governance manifested by corruption, abuse of
power, weak institutions and lack of accountability. In some cases, this has
brought about the collapse of State institutions. Somalia, Liberia, Syria and
Afghanistan under the Taliban are the best known recent examples. Collapse of
the State can be associated with obvious threats, such as organized crime or
terrorism. State failure is an alarming phenomenon, that undermines global
governance, and adds to regional instability.
13
A secure Europe in a better world. European security strategy Brussels, 12 December 2003
13
Organized crime which is for Europe very dangerous threats. Europe is a prime
target for organized crime because of its financial and economical potential. This
internal threat to EU security has an important external dimension: cross-border
trafficking in drugs, women, illegal migrants and weapons accounts for a large
part of the activities of criminal gangs. It can have links with terrorism as well.
All of them affect the EU. According to conducted research
14
, asymmetric threats are
most probably to affect security of the EU. As most likely to happen, the risks associated
with the global economic crisis and terrorism were proven (Figure 2). The respondents
indicated these two categories as the most significant problems to face for the European
Union. The results indicate also greater importance of economic risks. It is significant that
all the threats can very easily turn into a military actions, because economy and finance
issues are often the reasons of the outbreak of conflicts and even full-scale wars.
Figure 2. Threats for the EU
Source: own elaboration.
If we confront the challenges and most possible threats described in the article, it
turns out that fiscal consolidation is a significant and crucial element for the EU to be an
equal economical player in the world. Global economic crisis, economical instability is the
threat which is extremely important for security of the EU and simultaneously gives a
chance to be a partner for other economical powers that include US and China, as
competitiveness and growth is an effect of fiscal consolidation. Those two factors help to
14
Research was conducted by the Author for the purpose of PhD dissertation Preparation of EU battle group
for conduct crisis response operation, AON, Warsaw 2009, before global and financial crises. The
respondents were military specialists in the total number of 91.
14
take political common action using all tools within CFSP and CSDP and some others
politics. This is helpful to decry the level of threats connected with unstable regional
powers or state failure. The most important condition in this area is to improve
mechanisms of decision making within the EU.
To achieve this, we must achieve the crucial conditions of overcoming the current
crisis. Using different measures (f.i. a financial pact) which express solidarity of the EU is
an answer here. Without changing European awareness, understood as achieving common
purposes and ensuring stable development for each member state, it is impossible to create
common politics restricting proliferation of weapon of mass destruction or organized
crime, since all member states will introduce their own interests only. European awareness
shouldn’t be treated as an instrument of banishing war in Europe, but one of the biggest
chances, shown in researches, of providing security and development for people.
Another important factor to introduce are multiculturalism solutions, which can
increase competitiveness of the EU in the economic and security area. These solutions
shouldn’t force any state or religious group to change their own identity, but on the other
hand, any of the group shouldn’t impose own habits to others. Influence of the challenges
and the threats has been summarized in the table below.
Nr
Challenges
Chances
Threats
1.
Fiscal consolidation
Economic growth, global
economic player
Split of the EU, double-
paced development
2.
Competitiveness and
growth
Common, coherent action as
one subject, improve
decision making mechanism
Becoming a non-significant
subject in the globalized
world
3.
Solidarity
Assuring security, support
and coordination in case of
member states’ problems
Split of the EU
4.
Overcoming the
current crisis
Economical security and
financial growth
Losing significant role as
economical partner
5.
Changing of European
awareness
Coherent politics and
common action for securing
citizens
Weakness of the EU as a
one subject. Loosing
coherent purposes.
6.
Multiculturalism
Integrity of the EU
Conflicts within the EU
For both civil and military environment, the modern asymmetric threats are the
challenge that influences the international security most vaguesly. This means that the
possibility of effective use of the troops and civilian measures will fulfill a key role not
only in times of crisis, but also during development of the situation before the crisis and
15
after it. More extended cooperation is required in all areas of Member States activities, as it
will allow to overcome the current financial crisis, to create opportunity for EU to become
global player and to improve possibilities to take practical and effective measures in the
key areas.
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