Wprowadzenie polskiej administracji na Chełmszczyźnie i Podlasiu (ukraiński)


3. 5@602=89 0@EV2 8:>;0W2AL:>W >1;0ABV (), D.222: 8:>;052A:0O 3>@>4A:0O
4C<0, >?.1, A?@.13-775.
4. , D.280: 8:>;052A:89 3>@>4A:>9 <038AB@0B, >?.1, A?@.16,19,26.
5. '5@5<VAV= .. @30=8 <VAF52>3> A0<>2@O4C20==O <VAB >2>@>AVW :V=FO XVIII  ?5@H>W
?>;>28=8 XIX AB>;VBL: N@848G=89 AB0BCA, :>@4>=8 :><?5B5=FVW, ?@>1;5<8 //
=B5;V35=FVO V 2;040: @><04AL:>-?>;VB. =0C:. 71.  45A0, 2005.  8?. 5. !5@.:
VAB>@VO.  !. 82-93.
6. AB>@VO 45A8 / >;;5:B82 02B>@V2. >;. @54. .. !B0=:>.  45AA0: @C:, 2002. 
560 A.
7. 45AA0 1794-1894.  AB>;5B8N 3>@>40.  45AA0, 1895.  !. 65-87.
8. 52G5=:> . 70T<>2V4=>A8=8 2V9AL:>28E 3C15@=0B>@V2 7 <VAF528< A0<>2@O4C20==O<
8:>;0T20 C XIX AB. // AB>@VO. B=>3@0DVO. C;LBC@0. >2V 4>A;V465==O
III 8:>;0W2AL:>W :@0T7=02G>W :>=D5@5=FVW.  8:>;0W2: B>;, 2000.  !. 100-103.
9. >2>@>AA89A:89 :0;5=40@L =0 1836 3.  45AA0,1835.  !. 95-102, 119-123.
10. >2>@>AA89A:89 :0;5=40@L =0 1837 3.  45AA0,1836.  !. 44-53, 67-71, 129-130.
11. >2>@>AA89A:89 :0;5=40@L =0 1846 3.  45AA0, 1845.  !. 352-354.
12. >2>@>AA89A:89 :0;5=40@L =0 1847 3.  45AA0, 1846.  !. 334-338
13. >2>@>AA89A:89 :0;5=40@L =0 1855 3.  45AA0, 1854.  !. 407-408, 192-196.
=>B0FVO
 AB0BBV @>73;O40NBLAO C<>28 DC=:FV>=C20==O >@30=V2 <VAF52>3>
A0<>2@O4C20==O <VAB V245==>W #:@0W=8 %5@A>=0, 8:>;0T20, 45A8 2 WE ?@02>2V9 B0
3>A?>40@AL:V9 4VO;L=>ABV 2 :V=FV XVIII  ?5@H>W ?>;>28=8 XIX AB>;VBL.
Summary
In the article conditions of functioning of local governments of cities of the South of
Ukraine of Kherson, Nikolaev, Odessa in their legal and economic activities to the end
XVIII  are considered first half XIX centuries.
# 93(477):93(475.5) ".. (52GC:
!"/ ,!, "' #
 %)  /(( (1918-1923 @@.)
"%>;<AL:0 A?@020  F5 >4=0 7 =09FV:02VH8E AB>@V=>: VAB>@VW =0FV>=0;L=8E
2V4=>A8= 2 >AVW 27030;V, V ?>;LAL:>-C:@0W=AL:8E 2V4=>A8= 7>:@5<0", B0: ?8A0;0
:8W2AL:0 3075B0 « 040 18 :2VB=O 1922 @. > 0:BC0;L=8E ?8B0=L C:@0W=AL:>W VAB>@VW
2V4=>AOBLAO C:@0W=>-?>;LAL:V AB>AC=:8 <V6 42><0 A2VB>28<8 2V9=0<8. &59 0A?5:B
?>OA=NTBLAO B8<, I> 7=0G=0 G0AB8=0 C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L  0EV4=0 >;8=L, !EV4=0
0;8G8=0, %>;<I8=0, V4;OHHO V V=.  7=0E>48;8AO C A:;04V  5GV >A?>;8B>W.
572060NG8 =0 4>A;V465==O F8E ?@>1;5< C:@0W=AL:8<8 V ?>;LAL:8<8 VAB>@8:0<8,
>A>1;82> 2 >AB0==V 45AOB8@VGGO, T G8<0;> =57 OA>20=8E ?8B0=L V 4>AV. !5@54 1030BL>E
0A?5:BV2 DC=:FV>=C20==O C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L C A:;04V <V62>T==>W >;LIV,
<0;>4>A;V465=8<8 70;8H0NBLAO ?8B0==O =0FV>=0;L=>3> 68BBO C:@0W=FV2 %>;<I8=8 V
V4;OHHO.
> ?@>1;5<8 4>A;V465==O C:@0W=AL:>3> 68BBO =0 %>;<I8=V V V4;OHHV
725@B0;8AO 02B>@8 >;>48<8@ !5@3V9GC: [1], !B5?0= 0:0@GC: [2], 0;5=B8=0
>@8A5=:> [3], @83>@V9 C?@VO=>28G (>;LI0) [4], 0A8;L 070@C: (>;LI0) [5],
235= 0AB5@=0: (0=040) [6] B0 V=.
@0E>2CNG8 =0C:>2C, B5>@5B8G=C V ?@0:B8G=C 0:BC0;L=VABL B5<8, <5B>N 40=>3>
4>A;V465==O T: =0 >A=>2V 4>:C<5=BV2, ?@0FL C:@0W=AL:8E V ?>;LAL:8E VAB>@8:V2
178
?@>A;V4:C20B8 O: 2V41C20;>AO AB0=>2;5==O ?>;LAL:>W 45@602=>ABV V ?>;LAL:>3>
?>;VB8G=>3> @568<C =0 75<;OE %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO 2 1918-1923 @>:0E.
0B0 11 ;8AB>?040 1918 @ 22060TBLAO ?5@H8< 4=5< 570;56=>W >;LIV. !0<5
7 FL>3> G0AC C:@0W=FV, I> ?>25@B0;8AO =0 A2>W 75<;V, 7 @55<V3@0FVW AB020;8
3@><04O=0<8 >;LAL:>W 45@6028, O:0 BV;L:8 D>@<C20;0 V 70:;040;0 >A=>28
?>;VB8G=>3> ;04C.
65 18 ;8AB>?040 1918 @. A>FV0;VAB =4659 >@0G52AL:89 (1870-1944), >G>;82
"8<G0A>289 #@O4 5A?C1;V:8 >;LIV. > A:;04C FL>3> C@O4C 22V9H;8 ?@54AB02=8:8
@V7=8E ?>;VB8G=8E ?0@BV9 (A>FV0;VAB8, ;N4>2FV) B0 157?0@BV9=V. =45:8 2V4<>28;8AO
27OB8 CG0ABL C ";V2><C" C@O4V. #@O4 28402 =87:C 45:@5BV2, A?@O<>20=8E =0 28@VH5==O
A>FV0;L=8E ?@>1;5<. C;> 70?@>20465=> 8-3>48==89 @>1>G89 45=L, 45<>:@0B8G=V
A2>1>48 A;>20, 4@C:C, 71>@V2, 701>@>=5=> ?@0FN 2 =54V;N V A2OB0, 287=0=> ?@02> =0
AB@09:, AB2>@5=> A>FV0;L=V V=A?5:FVW B0 A>FV0;L=5 AB@0EC20==O =0 G0A E2>@>18.
572060NG8 =0 A?@>18 #@O4C 2BV;8B8 2 68BBO A>FV0;VAB8G=C ?@>3@0<C, 9>3> 4VO;L=VABL
28:;8:0;0 =524>2>;5==O ?@028E A8;, ?5@54CAV< "5=45:V2".
22 ;8AB>?040 1918 @. . >@0G52AL:89 ?>402 =0 70B25@465==O
.. V;AC4AL:><C ?@>5:B 45:@5BC «@> >@30=V70FVN =0928I>W 2;048 >;LAL:>W
5A?C1;V:8. &L>3> 6 4=O 45:@5B 1C2 70B25@465=89 .. V;AC4AL:8< V =01@02 G8==>ABV
7 29 ;8AB>?040 FL>3> 6 @>:C, C2V9H>2H8 2 VAB>@VN O: ?5@H0 >=AB8BCFVO 2V4@>465=>W
>;LAL:>W 45@6028 [7, s.103].
&59 45:@5B 1C2 ?5@H8< =>@<0B82=8< 0:B>< :>=AB8BCFV9=>3> E0@0:B5@C ?@>
28IC ?@54AB02=8FL:C 2;04C >;LAL:>W 5A?C1;V:8. 7 7<VABC FL>3> 0:BC 28?;820;>,
I> =0 ?5@5EV4=89 ?5@V>4 =0928I0 45@602=0 2;040 06 4> A:;8:0==O 0:>=>402G>3>
!59<C 1C;0 7>A5@5465=0 2 C:0E B8<G0A>2>3> =0G0;L=8:0 45@6028. 4=>G0A=>
"8<G0A>289 0G0;L=8: 5@6028 >1V9<02 ?>AB 5@E>2=>3> 3>;>2=>:><0=4C20G0
1@>9=8E A8; >;LIV.
>;>2=8< 70240==O< =>2>3> C@O4C 0G0;L=8: 5@6028 220602 ?@>2545==O
281>@V2 4> 0:>=>402G>3> !59<C. 28 ;8AB>?040 1918 @. .75D V;AC4AL:89 28402
45:@5B «@> ?@>2545==O 281>@V2 4> 0:>=>402G>3> !59<C [8, s.109]. # A2V4><>ABV
?>;O:V2 !59< 1C2 BVA=> ?>2 O70=89 7 ?>=OBBO< =570;56=>ABV. ">3> 6 4=O 1C;>
>?C1;V:>20=5 ?>;>65==O ?@> 281>@8. 3V4=> 7 ?>;>65==O<, 281>@8 >3>;>HC20;8AO
2A57030;L=8<8, @V2=8<8, B0T<=8<8 V ?@O<8<8, ?@8 ?@>?>@FV9=><C 3>;>AC20==V. @02>
>18@0B8 45?CB0BV2 >B@8<02 :>6=89 ?>;LAL:89 3@><04O=8=, O:><C 4> 4=O >3>;>H5==O
281>@V2 28?>2=82AO 21 @V:.
3V4=> 7 45:@5B><, 4> A:;04C !59<C ?>28==> 1C;> 2E>48B8 526 ?>A;V2, 0;5
2=0A;V4>: =5<>6;82>ABV ?@>25AB8 281>@8 2 >:@5<8E >:@C30E, 2 B><C G8A;V =0
B5@8B>@VOE %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO 4> !59<C 1C;> >1@0=> 423 ?>A;8.  @57C;LB0BV
281>@V2 A:;04 !59<C 2V4>1@0602 ?>;VB8G=C V A>FV0;L=C 48D5@5=FV0FVN ACA?V;LAB20.
>4=0 ?0@BVO, ?@54AB02=8:8 O:>W 1C;8 >1@0=V 4> !59<C, =5 <0;0 ?5@5203. V4 G0A
?>;VB8G=>W 1>@>BL18 2=0A;V4>: ?5@53@C?C20==O 45?CB0BV2 ?@02>F5=B@8ABAL:V A8;8
?>ABC?>2> 74>1C;8 ?5@5203C (69% 45?CB0BV2). "0:0 AB@C:BC@0 !59<C 1C;0 ?@8G8=>N
G0AB8E 7<V= 01V=5BC V=VAB@V2 V =5 <>3;0 A?@8OB8 :>=A>;V40FVW ACA?V;LAB20 4;O
@>71C4>28 B>3>G0A=>W >;LAL:>W 45@6028 [9, s.306].
0 70AV40==V 0:>=>402G>3> !59<C 9 ;NB>3> 1919 @. "8<G0A>289 0G0;L=8:
5@6028 .. V;AC4AL:89 ?5@5402 !59<>2V A2>N 25@E>2=C 2;04C. 8ABC?0NG8 ?5@54
45?CB0B0<8 !59<C, 2V= A:0702: "# 25;8:><C E0>AV V ?>A;01;5==V =0?@C65=>ABV, O:5
>E>?8;> ?VA;O 2V9=8 2AN &5=B@0;L=C V !EV4=C 2@>?C, O E>BV2 7@>18B8 7 >;LIV F5=B@
:C;LBC@8, 2 O:><C ?@028BL V ?0=CT 70:>=... 572060NG8 =0 2AV ?5@5?>=8, <5=V 240;>AO
4>AO3=CB8 3>;>2=>W <5B8 <>3> ?@02;V==O V 7V1@0B8 2 0@H02V ?5@H89 ?>;LAL:89 !59<
C A?>:V9=8E C<>20E. / 22060N, I> ?VA;O FL>3> <>O @>;L 7025@H8;0AO. / I0A;8289,
I> 70;8H0NG8AL 2V@=8< A>;40BAL:V9 ?@8AO7V V A2>W< ?5@5:>=0==O<, <>6C ?5@540B8 2
@>7?>@O465==O !59<C 2;04C, O:C 4> FL>3> G0AC 74V9A=N202 2 =0@>4V" [10, s.90].
179
0A:V;L:8 2@060NG>N <>65 28O28B8AO 52>;NFVO ?>3;O4V2 ;N48=8, O:0 =0 ?>@>7V
=570;56=>ABV 4>:;0;0 2AVE 7CA8;L, I>1 4>1@>2V;L=> 2V4<>28B8AO 2V4 2;048, 0 2VAV<
@>:V2 ?>B><C (2 1926 @.) 28@VH8;0 74V9A=8B8 45@602=89 ?5@52>@>B, I>1 70E>?8B8 WW.
A=>2=8< 70240==O< FL>3> >4=>?0;0B=>3> !59<C 1C;> 2AB0=>2;5==O 70A04
45@602=>3> CAB@>N >;LAL:>W 5A?C1;V:8 V CE20;5==O >A=>2=>3> 70:>=C =570;56=>W
45@6028  >=AB8BCFVW. 20 ;NB>3> 1919 @. !59< ?@89=O2 CE20;C, O:0 C2V9H;0 2 VAB>@VN
O: «0;0 >=AB8BCFVO. %0@0:B5@=>N @8A>N 0;>W >=AB8BCFVW T WW B8<G0A>2VABL V
=5?>2=VABL, O:0 ?>;O30T 2 B><C, I> 70 WW <560<8 70;8H8;8AO >A>1;82>ABV
?>;VB8G=>3>, ACA?V;L=>-3>A?>40@AL:>3> CAB@>N 45@6028, 0 B0:>6 ?@020 V A2>1>48
3@><04O=.
0ABC?=8< :@>:>< 1C;> <V6=0@>4=5 287=0==O ?>;LAL:>W 45@6028. >=>
2V41C20;>AO H;OE>< 2AB0=>2;5==O 48?;><0B8G=8E 2V4=>A8=. A>1;825 7=0G5==O
<0;> 287=0==O >;LAL:>W 45@6028 :@0W=0<8-CG0A=8FO<8 @>74V;V2 (V<5GG8=>N,
2AB@>-#3>@I8=>N B0 >AVTN). 8?;><0B8G=V 2V4=>A8=8 7 2AB@VTN 1C;8 2AB0=>2;5=V
265 11 ;8AB>?040 1918 @., 7 V<5GG8=>N  21 ;8AB>?040 1918 @. 04O=AL:0 >AVO
27 ;8AB>?040 1918 @., :5@CNG8AL 5:;0@0FVTN ?@02 =0@>4V2 >AVW 2V4 16 ;8AB>?040
1917 @., B0:>6 70?@>?>=C20;0 >;LIV >1<V=OB8AO 48?;><0B8G=8<8
?@54AB02=8FB20<8. >6;82>, =5 70928< BCB 1C45 =03>;>A8B8 =0 B><C, I> I5 2 A5@?=V
1918 @. #@O4 !$   ?@89=O2 70 ?V4?8A>< 5=V=0 45:@5B, O:8< >3>;>H5=> ?@>
157?>2>@>B=C 2V4<V=C 2AVE 4>3>2>@V2 V 0:BV2, C:;045=8E :5@V2=8FB2>< :>;8H=L>W
>AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW 7 C@O40<8 @CAVW V 2AB@VW I>4> @>74V;V2 >;LIV V ?@> 287=0==O 70
?>;LAL:8< =0@>4>< "?@02 =0 A0<>ABV9=VABL V T4=VABL", ?@> ?@02> V=H8E =0FV9 2
?>;LAL:V9 45@602V =02VBL =5 9H;>AO.
!>N7=V 45@6028, CG0A=8FV <8@=>W :>=D5@5=FVW 2 0@86V (5@A0;L) 70 CG0ABN
45;530FV9 26 :@0W=-CG0A=8FL 2>T==8E 4V9 =0 1>FV ?5@5<>6=>W =B0=B8, H;OE><
28=5A5==O 28A=>2:C 287=0;8 >;LIC 15 AVG=O 1919 @., 4>?CAB82H8 WW ?@54AB02=8:V2
4> CG0ABV 2 70AV40==OE, O:V @>7?>G0;8AO 18 AVG=O 1919 @. DVFV9=> >;LI0 1C;0
287=0=0 !(  30 AVG=O 1919 @., $@0=FVTN  23 ;NB>3> 1919 @., 5;8:>1@8B0=VTN 
25 ;NB>3> 1919 @., B0;VTN  27 ;NB>3> 1919 @. [11, A.441].
V4?8A0==O <8@=8E 4>3>2>@V2 =0 0@87L:V9 <8@=V9 :>=D5@5=FVW <0;> >A>1;825
7=0G5==O 4;O @>728B:C ?VA;O2>T==>W 2@>?8. >3>2>@8 >B@8<0;8 A?V;L=C =072C
5@A0;LAL:>W A8AB5<8, 2>=8 287=0G0;8 :>@4>=8 V ?@8=F8?8 2V4=>A8= <V6 45@6020<8
=0 =0ABC?=89 ?5@V>4 [12, A.446].
5@A0;LAL:0 A8AB5<0 1C;0 =04728G09=> AC?5@5G;82>N V 2BV;N20;0 V=B5@5A8
25;8:8E 45@602  $@0=FVW, 5;8:>1@8B0=VW, !(, B0;VW, /?>=VW. ;O 70?>1V30==O
:>=D;V:B0< V 70;03>465==O <V6=0@>4=8E 2V4=>A8=, 0@87L:0 :>=D5@5=FVO AB2>@8;0
<V6=0@>4=C >@30=V70FVN  V3C 0FV9. ;O @>72 O70==O A:;04=8E ?@>1;5< 1C;>
CB2>@5=> V6=0@>4=89 "@81C=0; C 007V V =87:C V=H8E A?5FV0;V7>20=8E <V6=0@>4=8E
>@30=V70FV9. #AV =>2>28=8:;V 45@6028 ?V4?8A0;8 B.72. 0;89 5@A0;LAL:89 4>3>2V@,
01> "@0:B0B ?@> ?@020 =0FV>=0;L=8E <5=H8=. &5 1C;> 28:;8:0=> D0:B>< 7=0G=>3>
7<VHC20==O =0A5;5==O =0 B5@8B>@VOE :>;8H=VE V<?5@V9, I> AB2>@N20;> A5@9>7=V
B@C4=>IV ?@8 287=0G5==V :>@4>=V2.
B65, 70;8H0;>AO 2V4:@8B8< ?8B0==O< :>@4>=V2 =>2>AB2>@5=>W >;LAL:>W
45@6028. >1>B8 =04 >AB0B>G=8< 287=0G5==O< 45@602=8E :>@4>=V2 B@820;0 :V;L:0
@>:V2. 8@VH0;L=89 3>;>A ?@8 >13>2>@5==V F8E ?8B0=L =0;5602, 728G09=>, :>0;VFVW
:@0W=-?5@5<>6=8FL. >;>2=V A>N7=V V >1 T4=0=V 45@6028  !(, 5;8:>1@8B0=VO,
$@0=FVO, B0;VO V /?>=VO  CB2>@8;8 B0: 720=89 :5@V2=89 >@30= 0@87L:>W <8@=>W
:>=D5@5=FVW  « 04C G>B8@L>E.  15@57=O 1919 @. T2@>?59AL:V ?@>1;5<8 28@VHC20;0
A0<5 FO 040 (157 CG0ABV /?>=VW).
8B0==O :>@4>=V2 B0:>6 @>73;O40;>AO =0 0@87L:V9 <8@=V9 :>=D5@5=FVW, 45
>;LI0 1C;0 ?@54AB02;5=0 42><0 45;530B0<8  . <>2AL:8< B0 . 045@52AL:8<.
>;LAL:89 0FV>=0;L=89 ><VB5B ?@>2V2 25;8:C ?V43>B>2GC @>1>BC V ?>402 G8A;5==V
180
<0B5@V0;8 4;O 0@3C<5=B0FVW A2>WE B5@8B>@V0;L=8E ?@5B5=7V9. # A:;04V ?>;LAL:>W
45;530FVW 1C;8 35>3@0D8, VAB>@8:8, 5:>=><VAB8, ?>;VB8:8, I> 70157?5GC20;8 =0C:>2C V
?@>?030=48ABAL:C ?V4B@8<:C ?>;LAL:8E B5@8B>@V0;L=8E ?@5B5=7V9. !?@020<8 >;LIV
5@E>2=0 040 :>=D5@5=FVW 709=O;0AO 29 AVG=O 1919 @.  ?@><>2>N, O:0 B@820;0
:V;L:0 3>48=, =0 :>=D5@5=FVW 28ABC?82 . <>2AL:89, I> 28<0302 2:;NG5==O 4>
A:;04C 2V4@>465=>W >;LIV 2AVTW 0;8G8=8 V >;8=V, %>;<I8=8, V4;OHHO, 04AO==O,
5@E=L>W B0 !5@54=L>W !V;57VW, >7=0=LI8=8, ><>@ O, 0@<VW V 07C@, 8B28,
?5@5206=>W G0AB8=8 V;>@CAV, B5@8B>@V9 >;VAAO V >4V;;O 2 #:@0W=V [13, s.222].
)5 V7 G0AV2 &5=B@0;L=>W 048 2 #:@0W=V 3>AB@> AB>O;> ?8B0==O B5@8B>@V9 V
:>@4>=V2 <V6 >;LI5N V #:@0W=>N. 0 4C<:C 4VOGV2 &5=B@0;L=>W 048 4> 02B>=><=>W
#:@0W=8 <0;8 22V9B8 75<;V, 45 C:@0W=AL:5 =0A5;5==O AB0=>28;> 1V;LHVABL, 2 B><C
G8A;V %>;<I8=0 V V4;OHHO. 04V==O "8<G0A>2>3> C@O4C 2 6>2B=V 1917 @. AB2>@8;>
4;O &5=B@0;L=>W 048 A?@8OB;82C <>6;82VABL ?@>3>;>A8B8 A2>W ?@020 =0 @O4 ?>2VBV2,
45 ?@>6820;> C:@0W=AB2> V B0:>6 %>;<I8=C V V4;OHHO [14, 0@:.18].
&5=B@0;L=0 040 =5 ?V4B@8<0;0 >2B=52>3> ?>AB0==O, B><C ?>ABC?>2>
?>A8;8;>AL ?@>B8AB>O==O <V6 #:@0W=>N V 1V;LH>28FL:>N >AVTN. 0;LH89 @>728B>:
?>4V9 7<CA82 &5=B@0;L=C 04C HC:0B8 ?V4B@8<:8 70 :>@4>=>< V ?>:;040B8 =04VW =0
?5@53>2>@8, O:V @>7?>G0;8AO 2 @5ABV. 4CG8 =0 ?5@53>2>@8 7 V<5GG8=>N B0 WW
A>N7=8:0<8, C:@0W=AL:89 C@O4 @>7@0E>2C202 =5 BV;L:8 ?>;V?H8B8 A2>T AB0=>28I5, 0 9
A?@>1C20B8 ?@8T4=0B8 C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V, I> 7=0E>48;8AO ?>70 <560<8 # . A>1;820
C2030 725@B0;0AO =0 ?@8T4=0==O !E. 0;8G8=8, C:>28=8, %>;<I8=8, V4;OHHO,
04AO==O.
 ?V43>B>2FV 4>:C<5=BV2 4;O C:@0W=AL:>W 45;530FVW =0 @5ABAL:V9 <8@=V9
:>=D5@5=FVW 70 4>@CG5==O< 3>;>28 &5=B@0;L=>W 048 8E09;0 @CH52AL:>3>, 1@0;8
CG0ABL E>;<I0=8 ;5:A0=4@ 0A8;5=:>, =B>= 02;N:, "8<>DV9 ;5:AVN: [6, A.163].
13 AVG=O 1918 @. =0 ?5@53>2>@0E C @5ABV :@0W=8 '5B25@B>3> 1;>:C 287=0;8 #:@0W=C
=570;56=>N 45@602>N, O:0 T ?@02>A?@><>6=>N 2ABC?0B8 2 <V6=0@>4=V 2V4=>A8=8.
"5?5@ >4=VTN V7 ?5:CG8E ?@>1;5<, I> AB>O;0 ?5@54 C:@0W=AL:>N 45;530FVTN, 1C;>
287=0G5==O :>@4>=V2 @5A?C1;V:8. #:@0W=AL:0 45;530FVO AB028;0 ?8B0==O ?@>
>1 T4=0==O 2AVE C:@0W=AL:8E 75<5;L 2 A:;04V # . 2AB@>-#3>@I8=0 70O28;0, I>
287=0T =570;56=VABL #:@0W=8 BV;L:8 70 C<>28 287=0==O =5N AB0@8E :>@4>=V2 <V6
2AB@>-#3>@I8=>N B0 >AVTN. ;5 =0?@C65=0 2=CB@VH=L>?>;VB8G=0 A8BC0FVO 2
:@0W=0E '5B25@B>3> 1;>:C, 703@>70 3>;>4=8E 1C=BV2, 2>T==>3> @>73@><C 7<CA8;0 WE
?>A?VH0B8 7 C:;045==O< <8@C V 2AB@>-#3>@I8=0 73>48;0AO =0 ?>ABC?:C %>;<I8=8 V
V4;OHHO #:@0W=V [15, A.315]. 9 ;NB>3> 1918 @. <V6 # , V<5GG8=>N, 2AB@>-
#3>@I8=>N, >;30@VTN, "C@5GG8=>N 1C2 ?V4?8A0=89 @5ABAL:89 4>3>2V@. 3V4=> C3>48
:>@4>=8 #:@0W=8 <0;8 ?@>E>48B8 7 2AB@>-#3>@I8=>N ?> AB0@><C :>@4>=C >AV9AL:>W
V<?5@VW.  =>2>2V4@>465=>N >;LI5N  ?> ;V=VW "0@=>3@04-V;3>@09-)5@15H8=-
@0A=>AB02-5;L=8:-8A>:>-8B>2AL:-0< O=5FL-8B>2AL:-@C60=8-83>2V2AL:5
>75@> [16, 0@:.2].
#:@0W=AL:5 =0A5;5==O B0 V=B5;V35=FVO :@0N 1C;8 ?5@5:>=0=V, I> @VH5==O
@5ABAL:>3> <8@=>3> 4>3>2>@C 2V4?>2V40;> =>@<0< <V6=0@>4=>3> ?@020, 1> 9>3>
C:;0;8 C@O48 287=0=8E C A2VBV 45@602. ;5 73>4>< :@0W=8 =B0=B8, O:V =5402=>
287=0;8 # , AB0;8 =0 1V: >;LIV, 7=520682H8 VAB>@8G=> A?@0254;82V 74>1CB:8
C:@0W=FV2 %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO.
>;LAL:5 ACA?V;LAB2>, ?>;VB8G=V B0 =0C:>2V :>;0 FVTW 45@6028 =5 287=0;8
@VH5=L @5ABAL:>W <8@=>W C3>48. V4B@8<0=V @O4>< T2@>?59AL:8E 45@602 V
1V;LH>28FL:>N >AVTN ?>;LAL:V B5@8B>@V0;L=V ?@5B5=7VW 157?5@5G=> 2V4?>2V40;8
?@03=5==O< B0 2V4GCBBO< ?>;LAL:>3> =0@>4C, 0;5 CI5<;N20;8 A?>:>=2VG=V ?@03=5==O
C:@0W=FV2 [17, A.22].
>;LAL:V ?>;VB8G=V :>;0 28ABC?8;8 ?@>B8 707=0G5=>W ;V=VW 70EV4=>3> :>@4>=C
#:@0W=8. >=8 4><030;8AO, I>1 ?>;LAL:>-C:@0W=AL:89 :>@4>= 1C2 2AB0=>2;5=89 ?>
181
@. C3, B>1B>, I>1 %>;<I8=0 V V4;OHHO 70;8H8;0AL 70 >;LI5N. @V< B>3> 45O:V
?>;LAL:V ?>;VB8G=V A8;8 70O2;O;8 ?@5B5=7VW =0 >;8=L V >4V;;O. V4 WE B8A:><
4 15@57=O 1918 @. 1C2 ?V4?8A0=89 >:@5<89 ?@>B>:>;, 2 O:><C 2:07C20;>AO, I>
"?5@5410G5=0 C 4@C3V< CABC?V 4>3>2V@=>W ?>AB0=>28 :><VAVO =5 72 O70=0 :;0AB8
3@0=8G=C ;V=VN G5@57 <VAF52>ABV V;3>@09-(5@15H8=-@0A=>AB02-C30GV2- 048=-
568@VGGO-!0@=0:8, ;8H5 <0T ?@02> =0 ?V4AB02V FL>3> <8@=>3> 4>3>2>@C ?>?@028B8
3@0=8FN, I> 28E>48BL 7 5B=>3@0DVG=8E 2V4=>A8= V 1060=L =0A5;5==O B0:>6 =0 AEV4 2V4
;V=VW V;3>@09-(5@15H8=-@0A=>AB02-C30GV2- 048=-568@VGGO-!0@=0:8. 3040=0
<VH0=0 :><VAVO CB2>@8BLAO V7 70ABC?=8:V2 AB>@V=, I> 70:;NG0BL 4>3>2V@" [18, A.19].
"0:8< G8=><, ?@8T4=0==O V4;OHHO V %>;<I8=8 4> #:@0W=8 AB028;>AO ?V4
70?8B0==O.
@>BO3>< 1918 @. ?>;LAL:V ?>;VB8G=V :>;0 ?@8:;0;8 <0:A8<C< 7CA8;L, I>1
2V4=>28B8 >;LIC 7 <0:A8<0;L=8<8 B5@8B>@V0;L=8<8 2>;>4V==O<8. A>1;82>
CA:;04=8;0AO A8BC0FVO V7 75<;O<8 %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO 7 ?>G0B:>< C:@0W=>-
?>;LAL:>W 2V9=8, ?@82>4>< 4> O:>W 1C;> ?@>3>;>H5==O 13 ;8AB>?040 1918 @. 0EV4=>-
#:@0W=AL:>W 0@>4=>W 5A?C1;V:8 (# ). 0 @57C;LB0B8 FVTW 2V9=8 28@VH0;L=8<
G8=>< 2?;8=C;0 :>=DV3C@0FVO =0FV>=0;L=8E B5@8B>@V9 (B>1B> =0;56=VABL 1V;LH>W
G0AB8=8 C:@0W=AL:8E V ?>;LAL:8E 75<5;L >AV9AL:V9 V<?5@VW, 0 <5=H>W  2AB@>-
#3>@I8=V), 0 B0:>6 AB02;5==O 4> ?8B0==O ?@> =040==O W< 45@602=>3> AC25@5=VB5BC 7
1>:C :@0W=, I> 28O28;8AO ?5@5<>6FO<8 C A2VB>2V9 2V9=V. @8=03V4=> A;V4 70C2068B8,
I> =B0=B0 1C;0 =0;0HB>20=0 2>@>65 I>4> C:@0W=AL:>W 45@602=>ABV 2 1C4L-O:V9
D>@<V, B><C I> <0;0 7>1>2 O70==O ?5@54 A2>W< A>N7=8:>< C <8=C;V9 2V9=V  >AVTN.
0 F8E C<>2 ?@>3>;>H5=0 22 AVG=O 1919 @. 7;C:0 #  V #  70;8H0;0AO BV;L:8
45:;0@0FVTN 4>1@8E =0<V@V2. 0;8FL:V C:@0W=FV 707=0;8 ?>@07:8 2 FV9 2V9=V, B><C I> =5
<>3;8 ?@>B8AB>OB8 >1 T4=0=><C V ?V4A8;5=><C $@0=FVTN 2V9AL:>2><C ?>B5=FV0;C 2AVTW
>;LIV.
#@O4 .. V;AC4AL:>3> 2A5@548=V ;8?=O 1919 @. >AB0B>G=> @>73@><82 2V9AL:>2V
A8;8 # , 7025@H82H8 F8< C:@0W=>-?>;LAL:C 2V9=C. VA;O ?>@07:8 #  C ;8?=V
1919 @. 40-B8AOG=0 #:@0W=AL:0 0;8FL:0 @<VO ?5@59H;0 1@CG V C2V9H;0 2
?V4?>@O4:C20==O 4> !. 5B;N@8. V9AL:0, O:V 2V= >G>;N202, 2>N20;8 >4=>G0A=> 7
G5@2>=>0@<V9FO<8 V 7 1V;>320@4V9FO<8. 8@5:B>@VO #  :>=B@>;N20;0 =0 B>9 G0A
;8H5 =525;8G:C G0AB8=C 75<5;L =0 ?V2=VG=><C 70E>4V #:@0W=8. 0 >A=>2=V9 WW B5@8B>@VW
B>G8;0AO 3@><04O=AL:0 2V9=0 <V6 G5@2>=>0@<V9FO<8 V 1V;>320@4V9FO<8.
'5@3>2V ?>@07:8 =0 D@>=BV 2>A5=8 1919 @. 7<CA8;8 !. 5B;N@C 7 @5HB:0<8
A2>WE 2V9AL: ?5@59B8 70 @. 1@CG =0 :>=B@>;L>20=C >;LI5N B5@8B>@VN. !0<5 2 B0:V9
A8BC0FVW 287@V2 A>N7 !. 5B;N@8 7 .. V;AC4AL:8<, O:89 V 4>AV 28:;8:0T FV;C =87:C
70?8B0=L. GV:CNG8 =5<8=CG>3> C40@C 7 1>:C >AVW, .. V;AC4AL:89 ?@03=C2
70@CG8B8AO ?V4B@8<:>N !. 5B;N@8. # =VG =0 22 :2VB=O 1920 @. <V=VAB@ 70:>@4>==8E
A?@02 #:@0W=8 . V28FL:89 V >;LIV /. ><1AL:89 ?V4?8A0;8 C:@0W=>-?>;LAL:C
?>;VB8G=C C3>4C 7 452 OB8 ?C=:BV2. >;LI0 287=0;0 =570;56=VABL # . >@4>=8 <V6
>1><0 45@6020<8 ?@>E>48;8 ?> ;V=VW 2V4 @V:8 =VAB5@ ?>27 @V:C 1@CG, ?>BV< ?>
:>;8H=L><C :>@4>=C <V6 2AB@>-#3>@I8=>N V >AVTN 4> 863@C4:8, 72V4B8 =0 ?V2=VG
?> @5<5=5FL:8E 3>@0E, ?>BV< ?> ;V=VW, O:0 ?@>E>48BL =0 AEV4 2V4 4>;1C=>20 ?>27
AEV4=C 04<V=VAB@0B82=C <56C :>;8H=L>W V=AL:>W 3C15@=VW 4> ?5@5B8=C WW 7 @V:>N
@8? OBL V 40;V ?> @8? OBV 4> WW 38@;0 [19, A.656]. ">1B> 4> >;LIV <0;8 2V4V9B8
C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V, O:V @0=VH5 =0;560;8 2AB@>-#3>@I8=V. 5B;N@0 287=0202 ?8B0==O
"!EV4=>W 0;8G8=8 2=CB@VH=L>N A?@02>N ?>;LAL:>W 45@6028". 1842V AB>@>=8
7>1>2 O70;8AO =5 C:;040B8 <V6=0@>4=8E C3>4, A?@O<>20=8E ?@>B8 #  01> >;LIV
[20, A.20].
24 :2VB=O 1920 @. ?>;VB8G=0 C3>40 1C;0 4>?>2=5=0 2V9AL:>2>N :>=25=FVTN V7
AV<=04FOB8 AB0B59. >;LI0 7>1>2 O7C20;0AO =04020B8 8@5:B>@VW #  2V9AL:>2C
4>?><>3C. !?V;L=89 =0ABC? =0 :>=B@>;L>20=C @04O=AL:8<8 2V9AL:0<8 #:@0W=C <02
182
@>7?>G0B8AO ?V4 7030;L=8< ?>;LAL:8< :><0=4C20==O<. 5@5410G02AO :>=B@>;L
?>;LAL:8E 2V9AL:>28E =04 C:@0W=AL:8<8 70;V7=8FO<8 =0 25AL ?5@V>4 2>T==>W :0<?0=VW.
&V C:;045=V C3>48 >B@8<0;8 C7030;L=NNGC =072C 0@H02AL:>3> 4>3>2>@C. /: 2
C:@0W=AL:><C, B0: V 2 ?>;LAL:><C ACA?V;LAB20E 2V= 28:;8:02 =5>4=>7=0G=C @50:FVN,
0465 ?VA;O C:;045==O 0@H02AL:>3> 4>3>2>@C 2V9=0 7 >AVTN AB020;0 =5<8=CG>N.
;5 289H>2H8 ?5@5<>6FO<8 C 2V9=V 1918-1919 @@., ?>;O:8 AB028;8AO 4> <VAF528E
C:@0W=FV2, O: 4> ?5@5<>65=8E. 048:0;L=VABL F8E ?>3;O4V2 =091V;LH5 2V4GC;8 C:@0W=FV
%>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO. V;LH0 G0AB8=0 ?>;LAL:>3> ACA?V;LAB20 4828;0AO =0 =8E, O:
=0 >:@5<C 7@>AV9I5=C 3@C?C, 5B=VG=> =5 ?>2 O70=C 7 C:@0W=AL:>N =0FVTN. "0:0 4C<:0
?>1CBCT V AL>3>4=V A5@54 G0AB8=8 ACG0A=>W ?>;LAL:>W 5;VB8, 2 B><C G8A;V 9 ?>;LAL:8E
VAB>@8:V2. >=8 157?V4AB02=> B25@4OBL, I> C:@0W=FV %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO
4>1@>2V;L=> ?@89=O;8 5B=VG=C =072C "@CAL:V", 0 ?>;LAL:5 ACA?V;LAB2> ;8H5
02B><0B8G=> A?@89=O;> FN =072C [21, A.35].
25 :2VB=O 1920 @. ?V4 :><0=4C20==O< .. V;AC4AL:>3> ?>;LAL:V 2V9AL:0
@>7?>G0;8 =0ABC?, =0720=89 B>4V C >;LIV ":8W2AL:8< ?>E>4><". '5@57 262 @>:8 ?VA;O
04OFL:8E C3>4 .. V;AC4AL:89 @>7?>G02 =>289 ?5@V>4 A?V2@>1VB=8FB20 >;LIV 7
#:@0W=>N H;OE>< A>N7C 42>E =570;56=8E 45@602. 8:>@8AB>2CNG8 @52>;NFV9=89
E0>A, .. V;AC4AL:89 =0<0302AO 2872>;8B8 #:@0W=C 7-?V4 @>AV9AL:>W >:C?0FVW, I>
B@820;0 :V;L:0 AB>;VBL, AB2>@8B8 2V;L=C #:@0W=C-A>N7=8FN >;LIV. V= A?8@02AO
BV;L:8 =0 2;0A=5 ?5@5:>=0==O, I> 157 2V;L=>W #:@0W=8 =5 <>65 4>23> VA=C20B8
=570;56=0 >;LI0. B65, >;LI0 ?5@54CAV< ?@03=C;0 AB2>@8B8 <V6 A>1>N B0
>AVTN AEV4=>C:@0W=AL:C 1CD5@=C 45@602C [22, A.327].
 6>2B=V 1920 @. ?>;LAL:>-@04O=AL:0 2V9=0 7025@H8;0AO. 18 15@57=O 1921 @. 2
87V 1C;> ?V4?8A0=> <8@=89 4>3>2V@ <V6 >;LI5N V B@L><0 @04O=AL:8<8
@5A?C1;V:0<8  >AVTN, #:@0W=>N B0 V;>@CAVTN. AV B5@8B>@V0;L=V 28<>38 >;LIV
1C;8 704>2>;5=V: 70 =5N 70;8H8;8AO 70EV4=>1V;>@CAL:V 75<;V ?> @VG:0E 2V=0 V
5@578=0 B0 C:@0W=AL:V ?> @VG:0E 1@CG V =VAB5@. >;LI0 287=0;0 @04O=AL:V
@5A?C1;V:8 #:@0W=C B0 V;>@CAL (AB. 2 4>3>2>@C). 1842V AB>@>=8 7>1>2 O7C20;8AO
30@0=BC20B8 ?>2=C ?>H0=C 45@602=>3> AC25@5=VB5BC V=H>W AB>@>=8 9 CB@8<C20B8AO
2V4 CAO:>3> 2B@CG0==O C 2=CB@VH=V A?@028, AB2>@8B8 =0;56=V C<>28 4;O 2V;L=>3>
:C;LBC@=>-=0FV>=0;L=>3> @>728B:C =0FV>=0;L=8E <5=H8= (AB. 5 4>3>2>@C). >AVO
7>1>2 O7C20;0AO A?;0B8B8 >;LIV 30 <;=. :@1. 70 WW CG0ABL C 3>A?>40@AL:><C 68BBV
F0@AL:>W >AVW V ?>25@=CB8 :C;LBC@=V FV==>ABV, 282575=V 7 ?>;LAL:8E 75<5;L [23].
"0:8< G8=><, 87L:89 <8@=89 4>3>2V@ 4;O >;LIV 1C2 283V4=89. V= >7=0G02
715@565==O WW =570;56=>ABV, ?V4=5A5==O 3V4=>ABV =0FVW, 70:@V?82 70 =5N 25;8:V
B5@8B>@VW 7 =5?>;LAL:8< =0A5;5==O< 2 B><C G8A;V %>;<I8=C V V4;OHHO. 07>< 7
B8<, 87L:89 4>3>2V@ AB02 ?V4AB02>N 4;O :;>?>B0==O >;LIV ?5@54 <V6=0@>4=8<8
>@30=V70FVO<8 I>4> 287=0==O ?@02 >;LIV =0 %>;<I8=C, V4;OHHO, !O=I8=C,
!EV4=C 0;8G8=C V >;8=L  AB0@>402=V C:@0W=AL:V 75<;V, I> 2E>48;8 I5 4> A:;04C
0;8FL:>->;8=AL:>3> :=O7V2AB20. 57AC<=V2=>, 87L:89 <8@=89 4>3>2V@ 1C2 25;8:>N
?>@07:>N 4;O C:@0W=AL:>W 48?;><0BVW V C70:>=82 >:C?0FVN WW B5@8B>@V9 7 1>:C >;LIV
?@>B8 2>;V C:@0W=AL:>3> =0@>4C.
!EV4=V V ?V2=VG=V :>@4>=8 >;LIV 1C;8 287=0=V =3;VTN, $@0=FVTN, B0;VTN V
/?>=VTN, ?@> I> 1C;> >3>;>H5=> ?>;LAL:8< C@O4>< 12 :2VB=O 1923 @.
=0A;V4>: AB01V;V70FVW :>@4>=V2 C 1922-1923 @@. B5@8B>@VO >;LAL:>W 5A?C1;V:8
AB0=>28;0 388,6 B8A. :2. :< (52% B5@8B>@VW 5@H>W 5GV >A?>;8B>W). >;LI0
2V4@>48;0AO =0 >A=>2V 2E>465==O 4> WW A:;04C B@L>E :>;8H=VE >:C?0FV9=8E B5@8B>@V9:
@>AV9AL:>W  260 B8A. :2. :<, 02AB@V9AL:>W  80 B8A. :2. :< V ?@CAAL:>W  48,6 B8A. :2. :<.
>=0, O:0 ?>25@=C;0AO 2 >=>2;5=C >;LIC 7-?V4 @>AV9AL:>W 2;048, VA=C20;0 C 42>E
ACBBT2> @V7=8E G0AB8=0E:
183
1. >=3@5AC2:0, AB2>@5=0 V45=AL:8< :>=3@5A>< 1815 @., O: ?>;VB8G=89
4>40B>: 4> &0@AL:>W V<?5@VW 7 ?52=8< ABC?5=5< 04<V=VAB@0B82=>W 02B>=><VW,
O:0 CB8=0;0AO 2?@>4>26 XIX AB>;VBBO, 7V AB0;>N ?>;LAL:>N ;N4=VABN;
2. @5A8 (>:@0W=0), 01> AEV4=5 ?@8:>@4>==O, O:5 ?VA;O ?>4V;C >;LIV 1C;>
04<V=VAB@0B82=> 287=0G5=5 O: V=B53@>20=0 G0AB8=0 >AVW (4> :@5AV2 2E>48;8
%>;<I8=0 V V4;OHHO), V 45 ?>;LAL:89 5B=VG=89 5;5<5=B A:;0402AO 7
?>@V2=O=> B>=:>W 25@E=L>W "H:>@8=:8 0@8AB>:@0BVW" B0 4@V1=><0TB=>3>
42>@O=AB20, O:89 74V9A=N202 5:>=><VG=5 V :C;LBC@=5 ":5@V2=8FB2>"
A>FV0;L=> 9 5B=VG=> "=54>7@V;8<" 1V;>@CAL:8< B0 C:@0W=AL:8< A5;O=AB2><
[24, A.45].
"0:0 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 C:@0W=AB20 F8E B5@8B>@V9 T AC?5@5G;820 V 28<030T
45B0;L=>3> V @V7=>AB>@>==L>3> 0=0;V7C, 0;5 F5 ?8B0==O =0ABC?=8E 4>A;V465=L.
0@>465=0 2 B0:89 A?>AV1  VG >A?>;8B0 28O28;0AL :@8E:8< V A:;04=8<
45@602=8< CB2>@5==O< &5=B@0;L=>-!EV4=>W 2@>?8. >;>28=C WW B5@8B>@VW 709<0;8
75<;V, 45 ?@>6820;> =5?>;LAL:5 =0A5;5==O (O: 1C;> 2:070=> 28I5. G8A;> ?>;O:V2 =0
%>;<I8=V V V4;OHHV 4>AO30;> ;8H5 30 2V4A>B:V2), O:5 =5 22060;> =>2>=0@>465=C
45@602C A2>TN. &5 28:;8:0;> 7 WE=L>3> 1>:C AB02;5==O 4> >;LIV O: 4> >:C?0=B0 V =5
A?@8O;> 45@602=V9 AB01V;L=>ABV. >;VB8G=89 ;04  5GV >A?>;8B>W, ?@>9H>2H8
?52=C 52>;NFVN, 1C2 B8?>28< 4;O B>3>G0A=8E T2@>?59AL:8E 45@602. # >;LIV 1C;0
@5A?C1;V:0, 281>@8 4> !59<C V !5=0BC 70A2V4G8;8 45<>:@0B8G=5 A?@O<C20==O
45@602=>-?>;VB8G=>3> @>728B:C >;LIV, 0;5 7>2AV< =5 45<>:@0B8G=8< 1C;> @50;L=5
28@VH5==O =0FV>=0;L=>3> ?8B0==O.
4=0: =0 2V4<V=C 2V4 0;8G8=8, 45 C:@0W=AL:0 A?V;L=>B0 =5 A?@89=O;0 ?>;LAL:C
2;04C, C:@0W=FV %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO, AB><;5=V ?>=52V@O==O< ?> ?@>AB>@0E
>AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW, ?>25@=C2H8AL =0 @V4=V 75<;V, ;>O;L=> ?>AB028;8AL 4> ?>;LAL:>W
2;048 V 28@VH8;8 68B8 2 =>28E C<>20E. >=8 7C<V;8 >@30=V7C20B8AO, =0;03>48B8 A2>T
5B=VG=5 1CBBO, V ?>:070B8 OA:@0289 ?@8:;04 3@><04O=AL:>W 5B=VG=>W T4=>ABV, ?@03=5==O
2V4AB>OB8 A2>W =0FV>=0;L=V V A>FV0;L=V V=B5@5A8.
65@5;0 B0 ;VB5@0BC@0
1. !5@3V9GC: . "@0354VO C:@0W=FV2 >;LIV.  "5@=>?V;L, 1997.  439 A.
2. 0:0@GC: !. >?>2V4L =0 !2VB>2><C >=3@5AV C:@0W=FV2 %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO
(<. V2=5 19-21 25@5A=O 1997 @.).  V2=5, 1998.
3. %>;<I8=0 V V4;OHHO. AB>@8:>-5B=>3@0DVG=5 4>A;V465==O / V4 @54. . >@8A5=:>.
 ., 1997.  384 A.
4. C?@VO=>28G . #:@0W=AL:89 5B=>A =0 %>;<I8=V B0 V4;OHHV C XIX  XX AB. //
%>;<I8=0 V V4;OHHO. AB>@8:>-5B=>3@0DVG=5 4>A;V465==O.  ., 1997.
5. 070@C: . >?>2V4L =0 !2VB>2><C >=3@5AV C:@0W=FV2 %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO
(<. V2=5 19-21 25@5A=O 1997 @.).  V2=5, 1998.
6. 0AB5@=0: . 0@8A VAB>@VW %>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO (>2VHV G0A8).  V==V?53, ">@>=B>,
1989.  163 A.
7. Dekret Naczelnila Panstwa o najwyzszej wtadzy reprezentacyjnej Republiki Polskiej z
dnia 22 listopada 1918 r. (Driennik Praw Nr17, poz.35,40,41).  104 s.
8. Dekret o wyborack do Sejmy Ustawodawczego z dn. 28 listopada 1918 r. (Dz.Pr. Nr18,
poz.47).  119 s.
9. Kallas M. Historia ustoju Polski X  XX w.  Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN,
1997.  564 s.
10. Nalecz Daria, Naiecz Tomasz. Jozef Pilsudski leggendy i fakty.  Warszawa, 1987. 
320 s.
11. 0@40: .., 5A=>4>@A:89 . AB>@8O 3>AC40@AB20 8 ?@020 >;LH8.  ., 1980. 
558 A.
12. 0H:V;L=O: ., @8:C= . AB>@VO >;LIV. V4 =09402=VH8E G0AV 4> =0H8E 4=V2. 
L2V2: # V<. . $@0=:0, 2002.  752 A.
13. Pobog-Malinowski W. Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864-1945.  Londyn, 1956. 
T.2. cz.2.  258 s.
184
14. &5=B@0;L=89 45@602=89 0@EV2 28I8E >@30=V2 2;048 V C?@02;V==O #:@0W=8
(&#). 5=5@0;L=89 !5:@5B0@V0B #:@0W=AL:>W &5=B@0;L=>W 048, D.1063, >?.3,
A?@.5, 200@:.
15. >@>H5=:> . AB>@VO #:@0W=8 1917-1918. >10 &5=B@0;L=>W 048.  #63>@>4, 1932.
 ".1.  460 A.
16. &#, D.1115, >?.1, A?@.9, 0@:.2-6.
17. CE0;> . %>;<AL:89 :@09 =0H C:@0W=AL:89.  V2=5, 1994.  46 A.
18. >TG:> ., 0=60 ., 0E0@GC: . >@4>=8 #:@0W=8: VAB>@8G=0 @5B@>A?5:B820 B0
ACG0A=89 AB0=.  ., 1994.  168 A.
19. >:C<5=BK 8 <0B5@80;K ?> 8AB>@88 A>25BA:>-?>;LAL:8E >B=>H5=89.  ., 1964. 
"..  658 A.
20. #:@0W=0 V >;LI0 C !EV4=>-&5=B@0;L=V9 2@>?V. !?04>: V <091CBBO : 0B5@V0;8
:>=D5@5=FVW ?V4 ?0B@>=0B>< @5< T@-V=VAB@V2 #:@0W=8 V >;LIV (8W2, 25-27 G5@2=O
1999 @.).  ., 1999.  331 A.
21. @8FL:89 . #:@0W=0 2 ?>3;O40E 70EV4=>T2@>?59AL:8E ?>;VB8:V2 B0 VAB>@8:V2:
@5B@>A?5:B82=89 0=0;V7 // 2@>?0: 45W B0 ?@>F5A8.  '5@=V2FV, 1998.  63 A.
22. !C1B5;L=89 . #:@0W=0. AB>@VO.  ., 1991.  391 A.
23. 8@>289 4>3>2V@ <V6 #:@0W=>N 9 >AVTN 7 >4=>W AB>@>=8 9 >;LI5N 7 4@C3>W.  830,
15@57=O 18 4=O 1921 @>:C.  33 A.
24. >BH8;L4 6>75D. !EV4=>-&5=B@0;L=0 2@>?0 <V6 42><0 A2VB>28<8 2V9=0<8.  .,
2001.  496 A.
=>B0FVO
0 >A=>2V 465@5;L=8E <0B5@V0;V2, ?@0FL C:@0W=AL:8E V ?>;LAL:8E VAB>@8:V2 C
AB0BBV ?@>A;V4:>2CTBLAO AB0=>2;5==O ?>;LAL:>3> ?>;VB8G=>3> @568<C =0 75<;OE
%>;<I8=8 V V4;OHHO 2 1918-1923 @@.
Summary
On the basis of source materials of Ukrainian and Polish historins the formation of
polititical regime on the land of Khomschyna and Pidliashia in 1918-1923 in this article is
underlined.
185


Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
Postępowanie administracyjne na Słowacji
Polskie ślady na księżycu
Wprowadzenie do gry na Gieldzie Walutowej Forex
Wprowadzenie do gry na Gieldzie Walutowej Forex
Boje Legionów Polskich Walki na Podhalu 1916r
Ekoturystyka forma aktywnosci gospodarczej na obszarach wiejskich, na przykladzie podlaskiej wsi O
Wprowadzenie do gry na Gieldzie Walutowej Forex
Nabici w kapsułę – bezsens treningów polskich pilotów na rosyjskich symulatorach
Wprowadzenie do gry na Gieldzie Walutowej Forex (2)
UCZESTNICY POSTĘPOWANIA ADMINISTRACYJNEGO NA PRAWACH STRONY
UCZESTNICY POSTĘPOWANIA ADMINISTRACYJNEGO NA PRAWACH STRONY

więcej podobnych podstron