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1.5 volt dual LED flasher (runs one year)
This 1.5 volt led fasher runs more than a year on a single 'd" cell and alternately flashes 2
LEDs at about a 1 second rate. The circuit employs a 74HC14 CMOS hex inverter that will
operate at very low voltages (less than 1 volt). One section is used as a squarewave
oscillator (pins 1 and 2), while the others are wired to produce a short 10mS pulse on
alternate edges of the square wave so the LEDs will alternate back and forth. The output
sections each use a capacitor charge pump to increase the voltage for the LEDs. The circuit
draws an average current of 800uA from the 'D' battery and the LED peak current is about
40mA with a fresh battery and drops to about 10mA as the battery voltage falls to 1.1
volts. The capacity of a alkaline 'D' cell is about 12 amp hours with a cutoff voltage of 1.1
so the circuit should run about 12/.0008 = 15000 hours or maybe 625 days, but I haven't
verified that yet. The idea for this circuit came from a single 1.5 volt LED flasher by Dave
Johnson that can viewed at
http://www.imagineeringezine.com/PDFFILES/ac14fls.pdf
Descrete Multistage Light Sequencer
The drawing below illustrates a multistage light sequencer using descrete parts and no
integrated circuits. The idea is not new and I hear a similar circuit was developed about 40
years ago using germanium transistors. The idea is to connect the lights so that as one
turns off it causes the next to turn on, and so forth. This is accomplished with a large
capacitor between each stage that charges when a stage turns off and supplies base current
to the next transistor, thus turning it on. Any number of stages can be used and the
drawing below illustrates 3 small Christmas lights running at about 5 volts and 200mA.
The circuit may need to be manually started when power is applied. To start it, connect a
momentary short across any one of the capacitors and then remove the short. You could
use a manual push button to do this.
Detailed operation:
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Assume the circuit doesn't start when power is applied amd all lights are off and all three
capacitors are charged to about 5 volts. We connect a jumper across the 220uF capacitor
on the left which discharges the capacitor and turns on the 2nd stage transistor and
corresponding light. When the jumper is removed, the capacitor will start charging
through the base of the stage 2 transistor and stage 1 light. This causes the stage 2
transistor to remain on while the capacitor continues to charge. At the same time, the
capacitor connecting stage 2 and 3 will discharge through the 100 ohm resistor and diode
and stage 2 transistor. When the capacitor charging current falls below what is needed to
keep stage 2 turned on, the transistor and light will turn off causing the voltage at the
collector of the stage 2 transistor to rise to 5 volts. Since the capacitor connecting stage 2
and 3 has discharged and the voltage rises at the collector of stage 2, the capacitor from
stage 2 and 3 will charge causing the 3rd stage to turn on and the cycle repeats for
sucessive stages 4,5,6,7.... and back to 1. The sequence rate is determined by the capacitor
and resistor values (220uF and 100 ohms in this case), load current (200mA in this case),
and current gain of the particular transistor used. This arrangement runs at about 120
complete cycles per minute for 3 lights, or about 167mS per light. Faster or slower rates
can be obtained with different capacitor values.
16 Stage BiDirectional LED Sequencer
The bidirectional sequencer uses a 4 bit binary up/down counter (CD4516) and two "1 of 8
line decoders" (74HC138 or 74HCT138) to generate the popular "Night Rider" display. A
Schmitt Trigger oscillator provides the clock signal for the counter and the rate can be
adjusted with the 500K pot. Two additional Schmitt Trigger inverters are used as a
SET/RESET latch to control the counting direction (up or down). Be sure to use the
74HC14 and not the 74HCT14, the 74HCT14 may not work due to the low TTL input
trigger level. When the highest count is reached (1111) the low output at pin 7 sets the
latch so that the UP/DOWN input to the counter goes low and causes the counter to begin
decrementing. When the lowest count is reached (0000) the latch is reset (high) so that the
counter will begin incrementing on the next rising clock edge. The three lowest counter
bits (Q0, Q1, Q2) are connected to both decoders in parallel and the highest bit Q3 is used
to select the appropriate decoder. The circuit can be used to drive 12 volt/25 watt lamps
with the addition of two transistors per lamp as shown below in the section below titled
"Interfacing 5 volt CMOS to 12 volt loads"
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Interfacing 5 volt CMOS to 12 volt/ 25 Watt Loads
The circuit below is designed to be used with the bidirectional lamp sequencer shown
above on this same page. Two additional transistors are used to increase the current from
the 74HCT138 decoder to control 12 volt 25 watt lamps. A 6.8 volt/1 watt zener diode is
used in series with the ground connection of all the CMOS ICs (74HC14, CD4516 and
74HC138s) so that the total voltage across the CMOS devices will be about 5.2 volts and
the outputs will move from +12 to about +7 when selected. The 2N2905/PNP transistor
stage is connected as an emitter follower which provides a high impedance to the decoder
output and supplies about 80 mA of current to the base of the 2N3055 NPN power
transistor which then supplies 2 or more amps to the 12 volt lamp. The voltage across the
PNP transistor will be about 7 volts when it is turned on and the heat dissapation will be
about 0.6 watts. That should't require a heat sink if several lamps are sequencing but it may
get quite warm if the circuit is idle on a single output. The 2N3055 power transistor
operates as a switch and drops very little voltage (less than 0.5) when conducting, and will
not require a heat sink. Other transistors may be substituted such as the TIP29 or TIP31
for the 2N3055 and most any medium power (500mA) PNP for the 2N2905.
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Expandable 16 Stage LED Sequencer
The circuit below uses a hex Schmitt Trigger inverter (74HC14) and two 8 bit Serial
In/ParallelOut shift registers (74HCT164 or 74HC164) to sequence 16 LEDs. The circuit
can be expanded to greater lengths by cascading additional shift registers and connecting
the 8th output (pin 13) to the data input (pin 1) of the succeeding stage. A Schmitt trigger
oscillator (74HC14 pin 1 and 2) produces the clock signal for the shift registers, the rate
being approximately 1/RC. Two additional Schmitt Trigger stages are used to reset and
load the registers when power is turned on. Timing is not critical, however the output at
pin 8 of the Schmitt Trigger must remain high during the first LOW to HIGH clock
transition at pin 8 of the registers, and must return low before the second rising edge to
load a single bit. If the clock rate is increased, the length of the signal at pin 9 of the
Schmitt Trigger should be reduced proportionally to avoid loading more than one bit. The
HCT devices will normally provide about 4 mA (source or sink) from each output but can
supply greater currents (possibly 25 mA) if only one output is loaded. The common 150
ohm resistor restricts the current below 25 mA using a 6 volt power source. If the circuit is
operated with two or more LEDs on at the same time, resistors may be needed in series
with each LED to avoid exceeding the maximum total output current for each IC of 25 mA.
For greater brightness, individual buffer transistors can be used as shown in the 10 stage
LED sequencer on this same page.
10 Channel LED Sequencer
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18 Stage LED Sequencer
The question sometimes comes up of how to cascade 4017 decade counters for more than
10 sequencial stages. The LED sequencer below shows a possible solution using a few
extra parts.
When power is applied, the 15K resistor and 10uF cap at pin 15 will reset the counters to
the zero count where pin 3 is at +12 and all other outputs are at zero. The 2 diodes (1n914)
and 15 resistor form a AND gate so the clock pulse will be passed to the right side
counter when the sequence starts. When the right counter reaches the 10th count, pin 11
will move high enabling the AND gate on the right to pass the clock pulse to the left side
counter. As the left side counter advances, pin 3 will be low so that clock pulses cannot
advance the right counter. When the left counter turns over and pin 3 again moves high,
the sequence will repeat. Thus we get 18 total counts, 9 from the first counter, and 9 from
the second.
Note that the 4017 counter will not deliver much current, and so the LED current is set to
about 6mA using a 1.5K resistor in series. For more current, you could use transistors on
each output as shown in the drawing above, (10 Channel LED Sequencer). But some of the
newer bright LEDs are fairly bright at 6mA.
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Two Transistor LED Flasher
Fading Red Eyes
Circuit description:
This circuit is used to slowly illuminate and fade a pair of red
LEDs (light emitting diodes). The fading LEDs could be installed
as 'eyes' in a small pumpkin or skull as a Halloween attraction,
or mounted in a Christmas tree ornament. Or, they might be used
as a fancy power indicator for your computer, microwave oven,
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stereo system, TV, or other appliance.
In operation, a linear 3 volt (peak to peak) ramping waveform is
generated at pin 1 of the LM1458 IC and buffered with an emitter follower
transistor stage. The 22uF capacitor and 47K resistor connected to
pin 2 establish the frequency which is about 0.5 Hz. You can make the
rate adjustable by using a 100K potentiometer in place of the 47K
resistor at pin 2.
The circuit consists of two operational amplifiers (opamps),
one producing a slow rising and falling voltage from about 3 volts to
6 volts, and the other (on the right) is used as a voltage comparator,
the output of which supplies a alternating voltage switching between
2 and 7 volts to charge and discharge the capacitor with a constant
current.
Each of the op-amps has one of the inputs (pins 3 and 6) tied to a
fixed voltage established by two 47K resistors so that the reference
is half the supply voltage or 4.5 volts. The left opamp is connected
as an inverting amplifier with a capacitor placed between the output
(pin 1) and the inverting input (pin 2). The right opamp is connected
as a voltage comparator so that the output on pin 7 will be low when
the input is below the reference and high when the input is higher
than the reference. A 100K resistor is connected between the comparator
output and input to provide positive feedback and pulls the input
above or below the switching point when the threshold is reached.
When the comparator output changes at pin 7, the direction of the
current changes through the capacitor which in turn causes the inverting
opamp to move in the opposite direction. This yields a linear ramping
waveform or triangle waveform at pin 1 of the inverting opamp.
It is always moving slowly up or down, so that the voltage on the
non-inverting input stays constant at 4.5 volts.
Adjustments to the point where the LEDs extinguish can be made
by altering the resistor value at pin 3 and 6 to ground. I found
a 56K in place of the 47k shown worked a little better with the
particular LEDs used. You can experiment with this value to get
the desired effect.
Parts List:
Description Mfg Part# Allied Part# Quantity Cost
Operational Amplifier LM1458 288-1090 1 .48
47K Resistor 296-2182 4 .42
100K Resistor 296-5610 1
100 Ohm Resistor 895-0465 1 .24
Transistor 2N3904 568-8253 1 .1
22uF Capacitor 852-6516 1 .07
Solderless Breadboard 237-0015 1 6.99
Red Light Emitting Diode (LED) 670-1224 2 0.50
Note: The LED listed has a narrow viewing angle of 30 degrees and
appears brightest when looking directly at it. It's not a pure red
color, and a little on the orange side, but should be brighter
compared to other selections. For a wider viewing angle at reduced
intensity, try part number 670-1257 which is viewable at 60 degrees
and has a red diffused lens.
Construction details:
Layout of the solderless breadboard:
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Refer to the drawing below the schematic diagram and note the
solderless breadboard is arranged in rows labeled A-J, and
columns numbered 1 to 65. Each group of 5 holes in the same column
are the same connection, so that holes A1,B1,C1,D1 and E1 are all
connected together. Likewise holes F1,G1,H1,I1 and J1 are all
the same connection. The outer rows along the length of the
board are also connected together and are normally used for
power supply connections. However, there is a break in the
mid section of the outer rows, so a short jumper wire connecting
the mid section of the outer rows should be installed to connect
the entire outer row together. If you have a DMM, use the low
ohms range and probe the various holes to get familiar with the
board layout.
Installing the components:
Orientate the LM1458 so the nook or punch mark on one edge
is near column 30 and the opposite edge is near column 33.
Install the LM1458 on the breadboard so the pins straddle
the center section of the board and pin 1 of the IC is occupying
hole E30 and pin 8 is in hole F30. The pins are numbered counter
clockwise, so pin 4 will be occupying F33 and pin 5 will be in E33.
Possible connections for the LM1458, 9 volt battery, and a couple
other parts is illustrated in the lower drawing of the solderless
breadboard, but it is not complete with all parts.
Refer to the schematic diagram, and install the various other
components so they connect to the appropriate pins of the
LM1458. Use whatever connection holes are convenient.
For example, the 22uF capacitor connects between pins 1 and 2
of the IC, which occupy holes (F30,F31) so it could be placed
in the holes (H30, H31) or (J30,J31) or (I30,I31). But not all parts
will conveniently fit, so you may have to use a short jumper
wire (#22 preferred) to connect parts from one side of the chip
to the other.
The board I assembled was connected this way:
LM1458 F30 to F33, and E30 to E33
22uF capacitor H30 to H31
47K resistor I30 to I35
47K resistor C27 to C31
47K resistor F25 to Positive battery row
47K resistor J25 to Negative Battery row
100K resistor B31 to B33
2N3904 Transistor G36, G37, G38 with emitter at G38
100 Ohm resistor D38 to F38
LED B43 to B44 (Cathode at B44)
LED I43 to I44 (Cathode at I43)
Jumper A30 to Positive battery row
Jumper F36 to Positive battery row
Jumper J33 to Negative battery row
Jumper J43 to Negative battery row
Jumper H25 to J32
Jumper J30 to J37
Jumper E27 to G31
Jumper D32 to G32
Jumper D33 to H35
Jumper C38 to C43
Jumper E44 to F44
9 Volt Battery Postive battery row to negative row.
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The circuit below illustrates two pairs of LEDs that operate out of phase so as one pair
slowly illuminate, the other pair will fade.
Automobile Interior Lights Fader
This circuit is similar to the fading eyes circuit above and is used to slowly brighten and
fade interior lights of older cars.
The circuit is based around the LM324 low power opamp which draws around 3mA of
current, so it won't bother the battery if left connected for extended periods.
The top two opamps (pins 1,2,3 and 5,6,7) form a triangle wave oscillator running at about
700Hz while the lower opamp (pins 8,9,10) produces a linear, 5 second ramp, that moves
up or down depending on the position of the door switch. The two transistors and
associated resistors serve to limit the ramp voltage to slightly more and less than the
upper and lower limits of the triangle waveform. These two signals (700 hZ. triangle wave
and 5 second ramp) are applied to the inputs of the 4th opamp (pins 12,13,14) that serves
as a voltage comparator and generates a varying duty cycle square wave that controls the
IRFZ44 MOSFET and lamp brightness. The 5 second fade time can be adjusted with the
75K resistor connected to the door switch. A larger value will increase the time and a
smaller value will speed it up.
When the door switch is closed (car door open) the voltage on pin 8 slowly rises above the
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negative peaks of the triangle wave producing a short duty cycle output and a dim light.
As the ramp moves farther positive, a greater percentage of the triangle wave will be
lower than the ramp voltage producing a wider pulse and brighter light. This process
continues until the ramp is 100% above the positive peaks of the triangle wave and the
output is maximum. When the door switch is open, the reverse action takes place and the
lamps slowly fade out.
The IRFZ44 shouldn't require a heat sink if the total load is 50 watts or less but the
temperature of the MOSFET should be monitored to insure it doesn't overheat. The on
state resistance is only 0.028 ohms so that 4 amps of current (48 watts) is only around
100mW. For larger loads, a small heat sink can be added to keep the MOSFET cool.
28 LED Clock Timer
This is a programmable clock timer circuit that uses individual LEDs to indicate hours and
minutes. 12 LEDs can be arranged in a circle to represent the 12 hours of a clock face and
an additional 12 LEDs can be arranged in an outer circle to indicate 5 minute intervals
within the hour. 4 additional LEDs are used to indicate 1 to 4 minutes of time within each 5
minute interval.
The circuit is powered from a small 12.6 volt center tapped line transformer and the 60
cycle line frequency is used for the time base. The transformer is connected in a full wave,
center tapped configuration which produces about 8.5 volts unregulated DC. A 47 ohm
resistor and 5.1 volt, 1 watt zener regulate the supply for the 74HCT circuits.
A 14 stage 74HCT4020 binary counter and two NAND gates are used to divide the line
frequency by 3600 producing a one minute pulse which is used to reset the counter and
advance the 4017 decade counter. The decade counter counts the minutes from 0 to 4 and
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resets on the fifth count or every 5 minutes which advances one section of a dual 4 bit
binary counter (74HCT393). The 4 bits of this counter are then decoded into one of 12
outputs by two 74HCT138 (3 line to 8 line) decoder circuits. The most significant bit is
used in conjunction with an inverter to select the appropriate decoder. During the first
eight counts, the low state of the MSB is inverted to supply a high level to enable the
decoder that drives the first 8 LEDs. During counts 9 to 12, the MSB will be high and will
select the decoder that drives the remaining 4 LEDs while disabling the other decoder. The
decoded outputs are low when selected and the 12 LEDs are connected common anode
with a 330 ohm current limiting resistor to the +5 volt supply. The 5th output of the second
decoder (pin 11) is used to reset the binary counter so that it counts to 11 and then resets
to zero on the 12th count. A high reset level is required for the 393 counters, so the low
output from the last decoder stage (pin 11) is inverted with one section of a 74HCT14 hex
Schmitt trigger inverter circuit. A 10K resistor and 0.1uF cap are used to extend the reset
time, ensuring the counter receives a reset signal which is much longer than the minimum
time required. The reset signal is also connected to the clock input (pin 13) of the second 4
bit counter (1/2 74HCT393) which advances the hour LEDs and resets on the 12th hour in
a similar manner.
Setting the correct time is accomplished with two manual push buttons which feed the Q4
stage (pin 7) of the 4020 counter to the minute and hour reset circuits which advance the
counters at 3.75 counts per second. A slower rate can be obtained by using the Q5 or Q6
stages. For test purposes, you can use Q1 (pin 9) which will advance the minutes at 30 per
second.
The time interval circuit (shown below the clock) consists of a SET/RESET flipflop made
from the two remaining NAND gates (74HCT00). The desired time interval is programmed
by connecting the anodes of the six diodes labeled start, stop and AM/PM to the
appropriate decoder outputs. For example, to turn the relay on at 7:05AM and turn it off at
8:05AM, you would connect one of the diodes from the start section to the cathode of the
LED that represents 7 hours, the second diode to the LED cathode that represents 5
minutes and the third diode to the AM line of the CD4013. The stop time is programmed in
the same manner. Two additional push buttons are used to manually open and close the
relay. The low start and stop signals at the common cathode connections are capacitively
coupled to the NAND gates so that the manual push buttons can override the 5 minute
time duration. That way, you can immediately reset the relay without waiting 5 minutes for
the start signal to go away.
The two power supply rectifier diodes are 1N400X variety and the switching diodes are
1N914 or 4148s but any general purpose diodes can be used. 0.1 uF caps (not shown on
schematic) may be needed near the power pins of each IC. All parts should be available
from Radio Shack with the exception of the 74HCT4017 decade counter which I didn't see
listed. You can use either 74HC or 74HCT parts, the only difference between the two is
that the input switching levels of the HCT devices are compatible with worst case TTL
logic outputs. The HC device inputs are set at 50% of Vcc, so they may not work when
driven from marginal TTL logic outputs. You can use a regular 4017 in place of the
74HCT4017 but the output current will much lower (less than 1 mA) and 4 additional
transistors will be required to drive the LEDs. Without the buffer transistors, you can use
a 10K resistor in place of the 330 and the LEDs will be visible, but very dim. Using the
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4017 to drive LEDs with transistor buffers is shown in the "10 Channel LED Sequencer"
at the top of this page.
Time Interval Relay Circuit
for the clock circuit above
72 LED Clock
In the circuit below, 60 individual LEDs are used to indicate the minutes of a clock and 12
LEDs indicate hours. The power supply and time base circuitry is the same as described in
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the 28 LED clock circuit above. The minutes section of the clock is comprised of eight
74HCT164 shift registers cascaded so that a single bit can be recirculated through the 60
stages indicating the appropriate minute of the hour. Only two of the minutes shift
registers are shown connected to 16 LEDs. Pin 13 of each register connects to pin 1 of the
next for 7 registers. Pin 6 of the 8th register should connect back to pin 1 of the first
register using the 47K resistor. Pins 2,9,8, 14 and 7 of all 8 minutes registers (74HC164)
should be connected in parallel (pin 8 to pin 8, pin 9 to pin 9, etc.). The hours section
contains two 8 bit shift registers and works the same way as the minutes to display 1 of 12
hours. Pin 9 of all 74HCT164s (hours and minutes) should be connected together. For 50
Hertz operation, the time base section of the circuit can be modified as shown in the lower
drawing labeled "50 Hertz LED Clock Time Base". You will need an extra IC (74HC30) to
do this since it requires decoding 7 bits of the counter instead of 4. The two dual input
NAND gates (1/2 74HC00) that are not used in the 50 Hertz modification should have their
inputs connected to ground.
When power is applied, a single "1" bit is loaded into the first stage of both the minutes
and hours registers. To accomplish this, a momentary low reset signal is sent to all the
registers (at pin 9) and also a NAND gate to lock out any clock transitions at pin 8 of the
minutes registers. At the same time, a high level is applied to the data input lines of both
minutes and hours registers at pin 1. A single positive going clock pulse (at pin 8) is
generated at the end of the reset signal which loads a high level into the first stage of the
minutes register. The rising edge of first stage output at pin 3 advances the hours (at pin 8)
and a single bit is also loaded into the hours register. Power should remain off for about 3
seconds or more before being reapplied to allow the filter and timing capacitors to
discharge. A 1K bleeder resistor is used across the 1000uF filter capacitor to discharge it
in about 3 seconds. The timing diagram illustrates the poweron sequence where T1 is the
time power is applied and beginning of the reset signal, T2 is the end of the reset signal,
T3 is the clock signal to move a high level at pin 1 into the first register, T4 is the end of
the data signal. The time delay from T2 to T3 is exaggerated in the drawing and is actually
a very short time of just the propagation delay through the inverter and gate.
Two momentary push buttons can be used to set the correct time. The button labeled "M"
will increment the minutes slowly and the one labled "H" much faster so that the hours
increment slowly. The hours should be set first, followed by minutes.
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50 Hertz LED Clock Timebase
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60 Light Sequencer using a Matrix
The circuit below illustrates using a 10x10 matrix to sequence up to 100 LEDs with just
three ICs and 20 transistors. The two 4017 decade counters control the 10 rows and 10
columns so that one LED is selected depending on the output of the decade counters.
The LED circuit is drawn showing 25 LEDs and 10 transistors but can be expanded up to a
100 by using sucessive stages of the 4017 counters.
For example, to expand the circuit to 60 LEDs for displaying minutes or seconds of a
clock, the rows counter could be reset from pin 12 (carry out) rather than pin 1 as shown,
and the columns counter will be reset from pin 5 rather than pin 1 as shown. And then add
transistors to pins 1,5,6,9,and 11 of the rows counter and pin 1 of the columns counter.
Take a look at the "10 Stage LED Sequencer" for a listing of all the connections of the
4017 decade counter.
25 Light Sequencer using Xmas lamps
This circuit is same as the above setup to drive 25 small Xmas lights. The lights operate at
about 200mA and 3 volts. The supply voltage is set to 5 volts and the 4017 counter output
will drop about a volt using the 2N3053 transistors. The voltage on the emitters of the
rows transistors will be about 0.7 volts less than the base so the lamp voltage will be
about 3 volts. You can adjust the supply voltage for the desired current if necessary. It
works the same way as the LED version but you need diodes in series with each light.
Most any small diode rated at 500mA or more should work. I used 1N4001 diodes.
Various NPN transistors can be used, I tried 2N2219A and 2N3053. The 2N3053 worked
out better with a higher gain than the 2N2219A, but either one should work.
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