3DOLZDLHOHPHQW\LQVWDODFMLSDOLZRZ\FK

3DOLZD WR ]ZL ]NL FKHPLF]QH OXE LFK PLHV]DQLQ\ NWyUH SRGF]DV XWOHQLDQLD

Z\G]LHODM  GX  LOR ü FLHSáD : HQHUJHW\FH NRQZHQFMRQDOQHM V  VWRVRZDQH SU]HGH

ZV]\VWNLPSDOLZDNRSDOQHGRNWyU\FK]DOLF]DVL WRUIZ JLHOEUXQDWQ\LNDPLHQQ\

URS QDIWRZ RUD]JD]]LHPQ\>@

3DOLZDPR QDG]LHOLü]HZ]JO GXQDUy QHNU\WHULDQDMEDUG]LHMRF]\ZLVWHWRVWDQ

VNXSLHQLD VWDáH FLHNáH L JD]RZH SRFKRG]HQLH QDWXUDOQH V]WXF]QH OXE ZDUWR ü

HQHUJHW\F]QDWDE








  























 !
"

#$%


!

$&#'("

)*($+"


,$-
 !






. !
"

#$&


)!/0

1

"

2



$%* !(3 "

$&4-3

5

($+# !
"

()!3 

5



'6
78

  ()3
 "

$%
/)"

32

#('

"

#79

/ !

'':,3 !;2

'!':&3$-)'

"

)!3()2

5

<)(3



5

$+* ()!35$,
, #!

"6 $%= )

>



'(2



$& 
 
4

"

?

 () ()!3 !
4

"

)(3



,79

!$,


! 3





,$&





 ! 3(


'0!



@

<

5(
 

7 ()!35(
' 6


!

 )!30()($,
,"

)

5(
!A79



:+'!

3' ':&* !

/)!35 !$&
"

$%*)(3

fermentacyjny, wodór

:+/



!B#$&
 C+D

E

F3"

 $

#$&
 C+D

D

F?3 

#"

 C+D

G

6#



: ZL NV]R FL NUDMyZ Z W\P L Z 3ROVFH QDMZD QLHMV]\P SDOLZHP HQHUJHW\NL

NRQZHQFMRQDOQHM MHVW Z JLHO : HQHUJHW\FH M GURZHM MDNR SDOLZR UR]V]F]HSLDOQH

VWRVXMHVL L]RWRSXUDQX

H,IJ

8

3DOLZDVWDáH

3DOLZDVWDáHWRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZ JLHONDPLHQQ\LEUXQDWQ\DQDVW SQLHWRUI'R

NRSDOQ\FKSDOLZVWDá\FKPR QDWDN H]DOLF]\üáXSNLELWXPLF]QH6SHF\ILF]Q\PSDOLZHP

VWDá\P MHVW NRNV SHWURFKHPLF]Q\ 1D ]QDF]HQLX ]\VNXM  SDOLZD ELRPDVRZH GUHZQR

LVáRPD.RQLHF]QR üXW\OL]DFMLRGSDGyZVWZRU]\áDSDOLZD]RGSDGyZSROVNDQD]ZD

3$.20:WDEHOLSRUyZQDQRZ\EUDQHZáD FLZR FLQLHNWyU\FKSDOLZVWDá\FK



26










!

KL?

'("

;$% (
 (*)($&
 )!/0<6




M:-"

2

)!/0








>

N

O

N

P

N

1

N

QR
,$+"



S 
2

?
C

TVU&W

'!5

Q.



5(SD

N

>



/

"

!D

N

X $&* (

Y$%4

Q

5



$+# !
"

()

Q

5



'
79

  ()

P

6
)

'!78# 


!

Z([

Z

–

K

Z

–

\!]

\(]

–

^

K



]

–

Z(

Z

−

Z

−

(3

Z

_

−

Z(3

Z

K(3

Z

−

\

3

]

_(_

`

K

−

`

^



]

−

`

K

_

−



]

−

`(`

–

[(3

`

[(3

K

−

3

\(a

[(3

−

3

Z

a

[(3

[

−

3

K

]

−

Z3

Z

(3

\

−

Z(3

Z

\

3

Z

−

K![3

^

 3

\

−

K

^

3

`

\

3

−

K

\

3

[

Z([

_

[

`

Z

Z

[

−

[

\

Z

Z

Z[

`

Z

–

a

b

:+'

c

5

 3=C-d:%"

 !

$%/)7fe

]g

3*D

$% !

!

: JLHO

: JLHO]DMPXMHSLHUZV]HPLHMVFHZ UyGPLQHUDáyZZ ZLDWRZ\PKDQGOX:HGáXJ

$U\VWRWHOHVDZ JLHOE\áX \ZDQ\Z&KLQDFKSRQDGODWSQHDZ(XURSLHRG;,Z

7UXGQR JR ]GHILQLRZDü MDNR PDWHULDá SRQLHZD  MHVW ]áR RQ  VXEVWDQFM  RUJDQLF]Q 

SRZVWDá ]VXEVWDQFMLUR OLQQHMZSU]HFL gu setek milionów lat [@

: Z JOX Z\Uy QLD VL  VXEVWDQFM  RUJDQLF]Q  PLQHUDOQ  L ZLOJRü U\V 

6XEVWDQFMDRUJDQLF]QDMHVWSDOQDVXEVWDQFMDPLQHUDOQDLZLOJRüV QDWRPLDVWEDODVWHP

Z SDOLZLH 3RGF]DV SRGJU]HZDQLD

Z JOD XZDOQLD VL  ] QLHJR ZLOJRü

D QDVW SQLH !  °& XOHJD RQ

WHUPLF]QHPX UR]NáDGRZL QD F] FL

ORWQHLNDUERQL]DW





=DZDUWR üF] FLORWQ\FKWRMHGQD]FHFKZ JODRNUH ODM FDMHJRSU]\GDWQR üGR

]DVWRVRZD WDE

6XEVWDQFMDRUJDQLF]QDZ JOD]DZLHUDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSLHUZLDVWHN&DSRQDGWR

QLHZLHONLH LOR FL ZRGRUX WOHQX VLDUNL IRVIRUX L D]RWX RUD] ODGRZH XG]LDá\ ZLHOX

LQQ\FK SLHUZLDVWNyZ 3DOLZD Z JORZH PR QD XV]HUHJRZDü ]DOH QLH RG ]ZDUWR FL

SLHUZLDVWND&WRUI–Z JLHOEUXQDWQ\–Z JLHONDPLHQQ\–DQWUDF\W>@



: JLHONDPLHQQ\

'X DUy QRURGQR üZ JOLNDPLHQQ\FKRUD]OLF]QHLFK]DVWRVRZDQLDZHQHUJHW\FH

RJU]HZQLFWZLHPHWDOXUJLLL Z FKHPLL VSRZRGRZDá\ NRQLHF]QR üNODV\ILNDFML Z JOL

hi6jkhl

mn6o,p

m

qsr

ntYu

mv

nm

w

r

v

xkykz

hi6jkhl

mn6o,p

m

yu

xkmnbr

o{knm

|

mu+jynkr

{!ml

o{

or!v

yl

nt

w

xr

tvh!iku

y

w8}

)!: !

 QR

!



:+ :%'2

 !

'(

5

~

:+"

 9
 




"

)!/ )(



€‚

ƒ

„8ƒ…‚

…†*…‡ˆ

‰sƒ

‡Šˆ

‚

(‹

Œ!ƒ+!‚

ƒ

„Ž„k‰6‹





: 3ROVFH Z JOH NDPLHQQH L DQWUDF\W\ G]LHOL VL  QD  W\SyZ LFK VNUyFRQ 

FKDUDNWHU\VW\N SU]HGVWDZLRQRZWDEHOL>@




!



`

b)()<

5

'6
79

 ( ()/0e

K

g

b)

5

L9


Wyró



'

>

0
$%
'"

$-)!:+"

)'

Q.

!



:+
:+"

(:& ?
 !

62

78

 ( )

@

(‘

‘

(2

 79

  ()

@

*)

@

(‘

‘

'':, *)

P

$+"

‘

'!'6:&*)

T’"

‘

'!'6:&*)

1

79

‘

'!'6:&*)

>

0#)

“

"

$&
/)"



*)

“

"

$&
/)"

T’"

‘

 "

$&
/)"

`



3

`



K

`

K6

3

`

K6

K

`(`

`_



3

`_



K

`

Z

3

`

Z

K

`

`

\



3

`

\



K

`

]

_



_

K

_!`

#



,$+"



S /

/

"

)!/037”
2

:+

,'


!

S 3 2

#!5

<

 /

/)<2

79



#



,$+"



S /

/

"

)!/03

$+ !

:+

,'


!

S 3 2

#!5

<

 /

/)<2

79



#



,$+"



S /

/

"

)!/03$&

:+

,'


!

S 3



/

/)<(2

 79



#



,$+"



S /

/

"

)!/03 6
,$&

$,
:-

'


!

S 3

<

 /

/)<2

79



$& !



,$-"



S /

/

"

)(/03

6
,$%<$&
:-

'


!

S

$& !



,$-"



S /

/

"

)(/03 ($,

:+

,'


!

S

$& !



,$-"



S /

/

"

)(/0379
2

:+

,'


!

S

$& !



,$-"



S /

/

"

)(/03$&
,'



!

/:+

'
 !

7
2


?
,$

"



S /

/

 "

)!/0!3($%
'



!

/:+

'
 !

6
,$%*79
2


<
,$+"



S /

/!

"

)!/03

$&
,'?

!

/!:%!

'
 !

–



5

 !$&5"

)!/ )?*6


 !

:+'

)2

*)!/084-

#(

(


)!/03 6
2k 7*)



5

 !$&5"

)!/ )?*6


 !

:+'

)2

*)!/03(4



#!

(


)(/08($-#:+"

=)/03

 6
2k7*)



5

 !$&5"

)!/ )?*6


 !

:+'

)2

*)!/03(4



#!

(


)(/08($-#:+"

=)/03

 6
2k7*)!3

5

5(
= !

!*$& #'6/

'':+#



5

*<)"

?
$+
 !

c'!':+#

d5(
* (

/08'':&= !

/0



5

*($%#'6/

'!':+#

.'':, * !

/0



5

*($%#'6/

'!':+#

.'':, * !

/0



5

( !
79

 :&
 '=$%#'/



'!'6:+#3=)"

?
$-
 !








!)7? ! 5(3+
'=




<

 ($&5"

)!/ !


'*)





!
79

 :%
 '!=($%#'6/

' ':+#3

*6


 (

:+'9:- /




)!/03 





<

!)7? !

 !$%5"

)!/ )!/0


 !

:-'

:+/

,


)!/0

–



7U]\SLHUZV]H]Z\PLHQLRQ\FKZWDEHOLW\SyZZ JOL–SáRPLHQQ\JD]RZR

SáRPLHQQ\ L JD]RZ\ – PDM  V]F]HJyOQH ]QDF]HQLH Z HQHUJHW\FH L Z



26







FLHSáRZQLFWZLH GODWHJR QD]\ZDM  VL  Z JODPL HQHUJHW\F]Q\PL : HQHUJHW\FH

]DZRGRZHM GRPLQXM  NRWá\ S\áRZH GODWHJR GR HOHNWURZQL Z JLHO NDPLHQQ\ MHVW

GRVWDUF]DQ\

ZSRVWDFLPLDáX'RFHOyZJU]HZF]\FKSU]HP\VáRZ\FKOXENRPXQDOQ\FKZ JLHO

NDPLHQQ\ GRVWDUF]D VL  Z V]HURNLP ]DNUHVLH VRUW\PHQWyZ NWyU\FK ZáD FLZR FL

RNUH OD QRUPD 31* 5\QNRZH VRUW\PHQW\ Z JOD NDPLHQQHJR

SU]HGVWDZLRQRZWDEHOL>@






 

_



>

0
,$&
'"

$+)!:+"

)'6
=:& $-"

)79 "

ów



5

c'6
79

 ( !5(

1

$-"

)78 "

Q•)79

$

,$+ 

górny



()

@

$+#




:+)7

7?7

'

:+)

–:

–

—

,K!Z

'(:+"

'
˜

–<<˜

K![([

K!Z

'(:+"

'
˜

˜

–<*˜-˜

K!Z

`

'(:+"

'

–<

K![([

`

5$-#()?˜

@

$Y˜

`

5$-#()?˜

˜

@

$˜

˜

–

_

[

$%  /0˜

P

˜

]

[

_

[

$%  /0˜-˜

P

˜

˜

Z([

K!Z

@

$+#!

$%  /0

P

]

[

K!Z

5$%(:%'?˜

@

'8˜

`

3

Z



5$%(:%'?˜

˜

@

'?˜

˜

K![

]

$& !



5$%(:%'

@

'

`

3

Z

]

X $& !

$& ( )

X $

Z([

[

79

2˜

T™˜

`

3

Z

[

79

2˜-˜

Tš˜

˜

K![

–

[

[

T’

2



79

2˜-˜

˜

Tš˜

˜-˜

[

()2



T›#2



78#2

T›#



[

˜

( !

!

 :&$-"

L9:

–

[



: JLHOEUXQDWQ\

: JLHO EUXQDWQ\ MHVW JHRORJLF]QLH ]QDF]QLH PáRGV]\P SDOLZHP QL  Z JLHO

NDPLHQQ\ PD ZL F PQLHMV]\ VWRSLH  XZ JOHQLD DOH FKDUDNWHU\]XMH VL  ZL NV] 

]DZDUWR FL  F] FL ORWQ\FK =DOHJD QD QLHZLHONLHM Já ERNR FL L MHVW Z\GRE\ZDQ\

PHWRG  RGNU\ZNRZ  =H Z]JO GX QD ]QDF]Q  ]DZDUWR ü ZLOJRFL – L PDá 

ZDUWR üRSDáRZ ZVWDQLHURERF]\P−0-NJQLHRSáDFDVL JRWUDQVSRUWRZDü

QDRGOHJáR üZL NV] QL –NP

:\PLHQLRQH FHFK\ SRZRGXM  H Z JLHO EUXQDWQ\ MHVW W\SRZ\P SDOLZHP

HQHUJHW\F]Q\P VSDODQ\P Z HOHNWURZQLDFK ]EXGRZDQ\FK Z SREOL X PLHMVF MHJR

€‚

ƒ

„8ƒ…‚

…†*…‡ˆ

‰sƒ

‡Šˆ

‚

(‹

Œ!ƒ+!‚

ƒ

„Ž„k‰6‹





Z\GRE\FLD 1LHNWyUH JDWXQNL Z JOD EUXQDWQHJR ]H Z]JO GX QD GX  ]DZDUWR ü

wosków, nad

DM VL GRZ\WZDU]DQLDEU\NLHWyZ

7RUI

7RUI MHVW JHRORJLF]QLH QDMPáRGV]\P SDOLZHP Z JORZ\P FKDUDNWHU\]XMH VL 

QLVNLPVWRSQLHPXZ JOHQLDGX ]DZDUWR FL F] FLORWQ\FKLGX \P]DZLOJRFHQLHP

WDE  8 \ZDQ\ MHVW SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP Z UROQLFWZLHL QD RSDá GOD OXGQR FLDOH

QDGDMH VL  WDN H GR RSDODQLD HQHUJHW\F]Q\FKNRWáyZSDURZ\FK 5R]SR]QDQH ]DVRE\

torfu przydatnego do celów energetyc

]Q\FKZ3ROVFHRFHQLDVL QDPOQWSX

,QQHSDOLZDVWDáH

àXSNLELWXPLF]QH

àXSNL ELWXPLF]QH Z\VW SXM FH Z 3ROVFH QD 3RGNDUSDFLX ]DZLHUDM  –

ELWXmitów. 0R QD]QLFKX]\VNLZDüJD]SDOQ\RZDUWR FLRSDáRZHMSRQDG0-P

I



RUD]VPRá ]NWyUHMSU]H]GHVW\ODFMHRWU]\PXMHVL EHQ]\Q LROHMH

'UHZQR

: HQHUJHW\FH SROVNLHM GUHZQR SUDNW\F]QLH QLH MHVW Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQH ]QDMGXMH

MHGQDN ]DVWRVRZDQLH Z LQQ\FK VHNWRUDFK JRVSRGDUNL 8G]LDá GUHZQD ZUD] ] WRUIHP

VWDQRZLRNRáRZ]X \FLXHQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHMZ3ROVFH

3DOLZDFLHNáH

-HG\Q\PQDWXUDOQ\PSDOLZHPFLHNá\PMHVWURSDQDIWRZD:Z\QLNXjej przeróbkL

RWU]\PXMH VL  EHQ]\Q\ QDIW\ L ROHMH 2OHMH RSDáRZH RWU]\PXMH VL  WH z przeróbki

VPRá\X]\VNLZDQHMZSURFHVLHNRNVRZDQLDZ JOD=QDQHV WHFKQRORJLHXSá\QQLDQLD

Z JOD XPR OLZLDM FH X]\VNDQLH V]WXF]Q\FK SDOLZ FLHNá\FK = JD]X ]LHPQHJR

PR OLZH MHVW RWU]\P\ZDQLH V]WXF]Q\FK ROHMyZ ,VWQLHM  UyZQLH  WHFKQRORJLH

SR]\VNLZDQLDSDOLZFLHNá\FK]ELRPDV\DONRKROLRUD]SRFKRGQ\FKROHMyZUR OLQQ\FK

W tabeli 6.5 przedstawiono niektóre dane wybranych paliw ci

HNá\FK








Z!L8

'("

;$% (
 !c*)($&
 )!/0<6




œ/

,'(2

)!/0










('

S

~

R"

7$&
"

#$+

/

1

"

F

2

1

N

79
:



>

~



P



a

QR
,$-"



S 
2

?

TVU&W

'5

ž  ) 

–

Ÿ

[3

[K

~

]

Z

–

[([

_!`

–

_

\

P





 !


*)

K

~

_

[

°

>



Ÿ

[3

[K

Z[

_

K



'('!




2

*)

~

K![

°

>



Ÿ

[3

K

–

_

K

>



'



!
2

*)

~

7
#"



([

~

`

[

°

>



Ÿ

`

–

_

[



P

–*TV 

C

_

3

~

_

[

°

>



–

ZK

`

\



26







T’"

 !

[3

\

Z

–

Z

~

]\

−

^

Z



^

a



>

–





/6
/"

 !?
3



P

–





/6
'"

 !?
3Cb$& #'("k :+"

$-)!4



'
/

!



%#$+ 
,'5

&LHNáHSDOLZDQDWXUDOQH

5RSDQDIWRZDMHVWPLHV]DQLQ ZLHOXJUXSZ JORZRGRUyZ]NWyU\FKQDMZD QLHMV]H

WRSDUDILQ\ROHILQ\QDIWHQ\LZ JORZRGRU\DURPDW\F]QH1DMZD QLHMV]HSLHUZLDVWNL

ZURSLHQDIWRZHMWRZ JLHO−87%) i wodór (11–oprócz nichZ\VW SXM WOHQ

GR  D]RW GR  L VLDUND GR  D SRQDGWR ODGRZH LOR FL LQQ\FK

SLHUwiastków, jak: V, Ni, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Cu, Cl, I, P, Si, As. 

5RSDQDIWRZDMHVWVXURZFHPGRZ\WZDU]DQLDSDOLZFLHNá\FKZUDILQHULDFK

¾EHQ]\Q

¾QDIW

¾ROHMyZQDS GRZ\FKLRSDáRZ\FK

3DOLZDX]\VNLZDQH]URS\QDIWRZHMFHFKXM VL GX ]EOL RQ ZDUWR FL RSDáRZ 

−0-NJ'R]DVLODQLDSRMD]GyZVWRVXMHVL EHQ]\Q\LROHMHQDS GRZHZORWQLFWZLH

QDWRPLDVWEHQ]\Q\ORWQLF]HLQDIW\DZHQHUJHW\FHLFLHSáRZQLFWZLH–ROHMHRSDáRZH

:3ROVFHROHMHRSDáRZHG]LHOLVL QDWU]\URG]DMH,,,L,,,>@1DMZD QLHMV]\P

SDUDPHWUHP NWyU\ Uy QL ROHMH QDOH FH GR poszczególnych JUXS MHVW OHSNR ü

NLQHPDW\F]QD–RNUH ODM FDRSRU\SU]HSá\ZXROHMXZSU]HZRGDFKLPDM FD]QDF]HQLH

GODMDNR FLUR]S\ODQLDZSDOQLNDFKROHMRZ\FK

:FLHSáRZQLFWZLHVWRVXMHVL ROHMHOHNNLHURG]DM,NWyU\PLPR QDEH]SR UHGQLR

]DVLODüROHMRZHSDOQLNLNRWáRZH:SROVNLHMHQHUJHW\FH]DZRGRZHMMDNRSDOLZRFLHNáH

VWRVXMHVL FL NLHVNáDGQLNLGHVW\ODFMLURS\QDIWRZHM–SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPPD]XW-HJR

QLHNRU]\VWQ  FHFK  MHVW GX D OHSNR ü WDE  Z\PDJDM FD SRGJU]DQLD SU]HG

X \FLHPGRWHPSHUDWXU\SRQDG°&ZNWyUHMPR HMX E\üSU]HV\áDQ\GRSDOQLNów

ROHMRZ\FK 8WU]\PDQLH PD]XWX Z WDNLHM WHPSHUDWXU]H Z\PDJD Z NRWáRZQL

VNRPSOLNRZDQHMLQVWDODFMLVNáDGDM FHMVL ]H]ELRUQLNyZUXURFL JyZSRPSILOtrów,

]DZRrówRUD]SRGJU]HZDF]\LRFKáDG]DF]\ROHMX

&LHNáHSDOLZDV]WXF]QH

$ONRKROH

'R V]WXF]Q\FK SDOLZ FLHNá\FK ]DOLF]D VL  DONRKROH – HW\ORZ\ &

H

+

J

2+ L

PHW\ORZ\ &+

I

2+ 3DOLZD WH PDM  Z\VRN  OLF]E  RNWDQRZ  /2 ≅  OHF]

VWRVXQNRZRPDá ZDUWR üRSDáRZ WDE

$ONRKROH V  REHFQLH RGG]LHOQLH X \ZDQH MDNR SDOLZD W\ONR Z VSHFMDOQ\FK

]DVWRsowaniach (zasilanie silników samochodowych i motocyklowych w niektórych

IRUPXáDFKZ\ FLJRZ\FKZV]HUV]\P]DNUHVLHVWRVXMHVL MHMDNRGRGDWHNGREHQ]\Q\

2OHMHUR OLQQH

€‚

ƒ

„8ƒ…‚

…†*…‡ˆ

‰sƒ

‡Šˆ

‚

(‹

Œ!ƒ+!‚

ƒ

„Ž„k‰6‹





2OHMH UR OLQQH U]HSDNRZ\ VáRQHF]QLNRZ\ SDOPRZ\ L LQQH E\á\ RG ]DUDQLD

G]LHjów X \ZDQH SU]H] F]áRZLHND MDNR SDOLZD DOH ]RVWDá\ Z\SDUWH SU]H] ROHMH

PLQHUDOQH =QDF]QLH PQLHMV]D HPLVMD ]DQLHF]\V]F]H  SRGF]DV VSDODQLD W\FK ROHMyZ

SRZRGXMH HREHFQLHWUDNWXMHVL MHMDNRSHUVSHNW\ZLF]QHSDOLZDGODPRWRU\]DFML

'X D OHSNR ü ROHMyZ UR OLQQ\FK − F6W SRZRGXMH H QLH QDGDM  VL  RQH

EH]SR UHGQLRGRFHOyZQDS GRZ\FKOXEHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK3RHVWU\ILNDFMLX]\VNXMHVL 

MHGQDNSDOLZDQDS GRZHRZáD FLZR FLDFK]EOL RQ\FKRGOHNNLHJRROHMXQDS GRZHJR

WDE

3DOLZDJD]RZH

:]JO G\ HNRORJLF]QH áDWZR ü X \WNRZDQLD L DXWRPDW\]DFML RUD] HNRQRPLND

WUDQVSRUWX VSUDZLDM  H ]X \FLH SDOLZD JD]RZHJR XOHJD ]ZL NV]HQLX QD ZLHFLH

L Z 3ROVFH *D]\ SDOQH PR QD XPRZQLH SRG]LHOLü QD QDWXUDOQH L V]WXF]QH 'R

SLHUZV]\FK]DOLF]DVL SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPJD]]LHPQ\WDN HPHWDQNRSDOQLDQ\PR QD

XZD Dü ]D QDWXUDOQ\ JD] SDOQ\ 'R QDWXUDOQ\FK JD]yZ SDOQ\FK QDOH  WH  K\GUDW\

SRá F]HQLDF] VWHF]NLZ JORZRGRUXLSDUXF] VWHF]HNZRG\QDSU]\NáDG&+

¡

·6H

H

2

*D]\V]WXF]QHWRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPJD]RZHSURGXNW\WHUPLF]QHJRSU]HWZDU]DQLD

Z JODZ\WOHZDQLDNRNVRZDQLDL]JD]RZDQLD'RV]WXF]Q\FKSDOLZJD]RZ\FK]DOLF]D

VL  WH  SURGXNW IHUPHQWDFML PHWDQRZHM ELRJD] JD] ]H VNáDGRZLVN RGSDGyZ RUD]

JD]RZ\ SURGXNW ] Z\WOHZDQLD GUHZQD : SU]\V]áR FL SHZQLH ZD QH ]DVWRVRZDQLH

w transporcie i w energetyce znajdzie wodór. Niektóre dane wybranych paliw

JD]RZ\FKSRGDQRZWDEHOL






!

Niektóre dane wybranych paliw gazowych

1

'(2

(3

N

,








O

C

>P

>P

C

>

O*¢

L

C



 !

~

O

C

1



@

:+"



S 3

'!5W

78D

~

R"

7b



Q.
,$+"



S
2

 ?
3

TVU&W

7

D

~

TVU,W

'5

Wodór

[([

–

–

–

–

–

[(3

[

]^

K!3

]

T’"



–

–

–

[([

–

–

[(3

\



\

`

Z(3

]

@

 

7 ()

~

@£

–

Z[

2

#5<!L

–

]\

W

>

–

^

([[b'$%



:&

 (#:%/


)<#!

2



5

 ?

dorów C

E-¤

~

Ÿ

[3

`

\

-3O

C

1

~

Ÿ

K![*785W

78D+b(
 !

 /)!:%/

:+"

2

)!/0

≥

`

3

[

$& 


"

 /0 !

/ )

2

#!5<!L

–

]

KW

>

–

^

[[([6A

1

≤ 0,005, olejów minera



)!/0

≤

[(3

[[Z

≥ 0,564·10

D

~

Z(3

°

>



≥

~

_(_

3

]



@



'!'6:&* (

/)

Z(Z

]

–

K!Z

\

Z

[(3

_

−

[(3

Z



_

3

\

−



]

3

]

ž 

5(


a

[

–

Z¥[

–

K(3

¦

_

–



]

ZK

–

]

Z

[(3

–

\

3

Z

~

≤

Z3

Z

[(3

Z

−

[(3

]

∼

K

`

a

£

4-,$-79 "

/

(78"

 !<

5 !+<

/)6



26







*D]RZHSDOLZDQDWXUDOQH

*D]]LHPQ\

1DMZD QLHMV]\PVNáDGQLNLHPSDOQ\PJD]yZ]LHPQ\FKMHVWPHWDQ&+

¡

), którego

XG]LDá]PLHQLDVL RGRNRáRGR]DOH QLHRG]áR D,QQHVNáDGQLNLSDOQHJD]X

]LHPQHJRWRZ\ V]HZ JORZRGRU\1LHSDOQ\PVNáDGQLNLHPJD]X]LHPQHJRMHVWD]RW

NWyUHJRXG]LDáZJD]LH]LHPQ\PPR HSU]HNUDF]Dü*D]]LHPQ\R]DZDUWR FL1

H



SU]HNUDF]DM FHMQD]\ZDVL ]DD]RWRZDQ\P6]NRGOLZ\P]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLHPJD]X

ziemnego jest siarkowodór (H

H

6

*D]]LHPQ\MHVWVWRVRZDQ\ do celów komunalnych, grzewcz\FKHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK

WXUELQ\ JD]RZH L Z FKHPLL SU]HP\Vá QDZR]yZ D]RWRZ\FK L SU]HWZyUVWZR URS\

QDIWRZHM *D]\ ]LHPQH GRVWDUF]DQH GR RGELRUF\ VLHFL  JD]RZQLF]  V  SDOLZDPL

VLHFLRZ\PL R]QDF]DQ\PL V\PEROHP *= NWyUH VSHáQLDM  RGSRZLHGQLH Z\PDJDQLD

MDNR FLRZH RNUH ORQH Z 31& :HGáXJ WHM QRUP\ Z 3ROVFH MHVW SL ü

podgrup sieciowych gazów zie

PQ\FK Uy QL F\FK VL  SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP OLF]E 

:REEHJR



0HWDQNRSDOQLDQ\

:niektórych kopalniach w]áR XZ JODNDPLHQQHJR]QDMGXM VL ]QDF]QHLOR FL

SDOQHJR JD]X GR  P

I

0J Z JOD SRG GX \P FL QLHQLHP 3RGF]DV Z\GRE\FLD

Z JODFL QLHQLHZSRNáDG]LHXOHJD]PQLHMV]HQLXFRVSU]\MDXZDOQLDQLXJD]X

8]\VNLZDQ\ Z SURFHVLH RGPHWDQRZDQLD ]áR D Z JORZHJR JD] NRSDOQLDQ\ MHVW

QD]\ZDQ\ PHWDQHP NRSDOQLDQ\P 0HWDQ NRSDOQLDQ\ ]DZLHUD UHGQLR  PHWDQX

D]RWXLLQQ\FKVNáDGQLNyZ:RGSURZDG]DQ\P]H]áR DVWDORZ\PLV F]NDPL

PHWDQLHNRSDOQLDQ\PMHVW]D]Z\F]DM]QDF]Q\XG]LDáSRZLHWU]D

*D]RZHSDOLZDV]WXF]QH

*D]NRNVRZQLF]\

*D]NRNVRZQLF]\MHVWSURGXNWHPXERF]Q\PSURGXNFMLNRNVXKXWQLF]HJR=DZLHUD

JáyZQLHZRGyUWOHQHNZ JODLPHWDQDSRQDGWRJD]\QLHSDOQHMDND]RWGZXWOHQHN

Z JOD L WOHQ :DUWR ü RSDáRZD JD]X NRNVRZQLF]HJR Z\QRVL RNRáR   N-P

I



1DOH \ GR R]QDF]DQ\FK V\PEROHP *6 V]WXF]Q\FK JD]yZ Vieciowych, których

ZáD FLZR FLRNUH ORQRZ31&

3URGXNW]JD]RZDQLDZ JOD

=JD]RZDQLHZ JODWRMHGHQ]QDMEDUG]LHMRELHFXM F\FKVSRVREyZNRQZHUVMLSDOLZD

VWDáHJRGRSDOLZDJD]RZHJR8]\VNDQ\ZZ\QLNX]JD]RZDQLDZ JODSURGXNWJD]RZ\

PR H E\ü VWRVRZany na potrzeby energetyczne, chemiczne i do dalszej przeróbki.

,VWQLHMHREHFQLHZLHOHPHWRG]JD]RZDQLDZ JODGDM F\FKSURGXNWJD]RZ\Uy QL F\VL 

]QDF]QLHVNáDGHP1DSU]\NáDGVNáDGJD]XRWU]\PDQHJRPHWRG 7H[DFRSU]HGVWDZLD

€‚

ƒ

„8ƒ…‚

…†*…‡ˆ

‰sƒ

‡Šˆ

‚

(‹

Œ!ƒ+!‚

ƒ

„Ž„k‰6‹





VL  QDVW SXM FR >+

H

@   >&2@   >&2

H

@   >&+

¡

@  

>+

H

6@ >1

H

@ >+

H

2@ REM

3URSDQEXWDQWHFKQLF]Q\

W wyniku przeróbki ropy naftowej otrzymuj

H VL  WDN H JD]\ Z JORZRGRURZH

Sá\QQH]JUXS\&

I

−

&

¡

, które

SRVNURSOHQLXV SU]HGPLRWHPKDQGOX:]DOH QR FLRG

]DZDUWR FLSRGVWDZRZ\FKZ JORZRGRUyZLLFKSU]H]QDF]HQLDUR]Uy QLDVL URG]DMH

Sá\QQ\FKZ JORZRGRUyZNWyU\FKZáD FLZR FL]RVWDá\RNUH ORQHZ31&

EXWDQWHFKQLF]Q\SURSDQEXWDQWHFKQLF]Q\LSURSDQWHFKQLF]Q\WDE

3DOLZDUR]V]F]HSLDOQH

-HG\Q\P QDWXUDOQ\P UR]V]F]HSLDOQ\P SDOLZHP VWRVRZDQ\P REHFQLH Z

HQHUJHW\FH M GURZHM MHVW L]RWRS XUDQX

H,IJ

8 =DZDUWR ü L]RWRSX

H,IJ

8 Z UXG]LHXUDQX

Z\QRVL ]DOHGZLH  XUDQX QDWXUDOQHJR : ZL NV]R FL HOHNWURZQL ] UHDNWRUDPL

M GURZ\PL]PRGHUDWRUHPW\SXOHNNDZRGDVWRVXMHVL Z]ERJDFRQHSDOLZRM GURZH

ZNWyU\PXG]LDáXUDQX

H,I,J

8Z\QRVLRGGR2GNU\WHZ3ROVFH]áR DXUDQX

HIJ

8V 

QLHZ\VWDUF]DM FHGRHNVSORDWDFMLZFHODFKHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK

:D QLHMV]HSURFHV\SU]HWZDU]DQLDSDOLZ

3U]HUyENDPHFKDQLF]QDZ JOD

3RGVWDZRZHSURFHV\SU]HUyENLZ JODSU]HGVSDODQLHPZNRWáDFKHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK

WRUR]GUDEQLDQLHNUXV]HQLHLPLHOHQLHRUD]VXV]HQLH

6RUWRZDQLHXURENXVWRVXMHVL ZFHOXX]\VNDQLDVRUW\PHQWyZ]LDUQRZ\FKZ JOD

5R]GUDEQLDQLH grubszych sortymentów WR NUXV]HQLH L PLHOHQLH Z JOD Z

JQLRWRZQLNDFKNUXV]DUNDFKLPá\QDFK

:]ERJDFDQLHSROHJDQDSRGQLHVLHQLXZDUWR FLRSDáRZHMZ JODSU]H]F] FLRZH

XVXQL FLHVXEVWDQFMLPLQHUDOQHMRUD]LQQ\FKVNáDGQLNyZQSSLU\WX

6XV]HQLHSROHJDQDF] FLRZ\PXVXQL FLX]Z JODZLOJRFL

%U\NLHWRZDQLHWRVSDMDQLHQDMGUREQLHMV]\FKPLDáyZZ JOD

,PSUHJQDFMD R]QDF]D SRNU\ZDQLH SRZLHU]FKQL NDZDáNyZ Z JOD VXEVWDQFM 

]DSRELHJDM F WZRU]HQLXVL S\áXL]OHSLDQLX

3U]HWZDU]DQLHURS\QDIWRZHM

'HVW\ODFMD SROHJD QD UR]G]LHOHQLX URS\ QDIWRZHM Z Z\QLNX SRGJU]HZDQLD QD

VXURZHIUDNFMHGRSURGXNFMLZV]HONLHJRW\SXSDOLZSá\QQ\FK>@



26







.UDNLQJNDWDOLW\F]Q\WRUR]NáDGFL V]\FKIUDNFMLURS\QDO HMV]HIUDNFMHSRG

G]LDáDQLHP NDWDOL]DWRUD Z SRGZ\ V]RQHM WHPSHUDWXU]H L SRG ]ZL NV]RQ\P

FL QLHQLHP

5HIRUPLQJ NDWDOLW\F]Q\ SROHJD QD NDWDOLW\F]QHM SU]HPLDQLH EHQ]\Q

QLVNRRNWDQRZ\FKQDEHQ]\Q\Z\VRNRRNWDQRZH

+\GURNUDNLQJ WR SU]HUyEND FL NLFK IUDNFML UR]NáDGX URS\ QDIWRZHM PD]XWX

LJXGURQXSRGFL QLHQLHPZRGRUXQDEHQ]\Q\QDIW\LROHMHQDS GRZH

3LUROL]DEHQ]\QROHMyZLURS\ZREHFQR FLSDU\ZRGQHMGRVWDUF]DSRSLUROLW\F]QHM

EHQ]\Q\L UHGQLHJRROHMX3R]RVWDáR FL SRSLUROL]LHURS\QDIWRZHMMHVWVPRáD

+\GURUDILQDFMD MHVW SURZDG]RQD Z FHOX SRSUDZLHQLD MDNR FL L VWDELOL]DFML

ZáD FLZR FLSURGXNWyZQDIWRZ\FK

2F]\V]F]DQLHJD]X]LHPQHJR

2F]\V]F]DQLHJD]X]LHPQHJR]]DQLHF]\V]F]H VWDá\FKSLDVHNLJOLQD]H]áR D

L FLHNá\FK SR]RVWDáR ü URS\ QDIWRZHM ZRGD L FL NLH Z JORZRGRU\ RGE\ZD VL 

ZPHFKDQLF]Q\FKVHSDUDWRUDFK]Z\NRU]\VWDQLHPVLáEH]ZáDGQR FL=DQLHF]\V]F]HQLD

JD]RZHWDNLHMDN&2

H

62

H

L1+

I

Z\P\ZDVL ]JD]XZRG 

+

§

6]JD]X]LHPQHJRXVXZDVL PHWRGDPLVXFK\PLDGVRUSFMDWOHQNDPLPHWDOL

L Z JOHP DNW\ZQ\P L PRNU\PLDEVRUSFMDUR]WZRUDPL Z ZLH DFK DEVRUSF\MQ\FK

8VXZDQLH +

H

6 ] JD]X ]LHPQHJR MHVW NRQLHF]QH ]H Z]JO GX QD MHJR WRNV\F]QH L

NRUR]\MQHZáD FLZR FL>@

2VXV]DQLH JD]X ]LHPQHJR SROHJD QD XVXZDQLX ] QLHJR ZRG\ PHWRGDPL

DGVRUSF\MQ\PL VXFK\PL OXE DEVRUSF\MQ\PL PRNU\PL :RGD MHVW QLHSR GDQ\P

VNáDGQLNLHP JD]X ]LHPQHJR SRQLHZD  WZRU]\ ] F] VWHF]NDPL Z JORZRGRUyZ

K\GUDW\NWyUHEORNXM SU]HSá\ZZUXURFL JX

2GJD]ROLQRZDQLH JD]X ]LHPQHJR SROHJD QD XVXQL FLX ] QLHJR FL NLFK

Z JORZRdorów z grupy C

I

−

&

¨

, które

–Z\NURSORQH]JD]X]LHPQHJR–GDM SURGXNW

FLHNá\]ZDQ\JD]ROLQ 

(OHPHQW\LQVWDODFMLSDOLZRZ\FK

,QVWDODFMHQDZ JODQLDHOHNWURZQL

7\SRZ\XNáDGQDZ JODQLDHOHNWURZQL]DZRGRZHMREHMPXMH>@

¾GURJLGRZR]XQDWHUHQLHHOHNWURZQL

¾XU] G]HQLDGRZ\áDGXQNX

¾ZDJL

¾NUXV]DUNL

¾XU] G]HQLDWUDQVSRUWRZH

€‚

ƒ

„8ƒ…‚

…†*…‡ˆ

‰sƒ

‡Šˆ

‚

(‹

Œ!ƒ+!‚

ƒ

„Ž„k‰6‹





¾VNáDGZ JOD

¾]DVREQLNLSU]\NRWáRZHZ JOD

: JLHO PR H E\ü GRVWDUF]DQ\ GR HOHNWURZQL NROHM  GURJ  ZRGQ  EDUNDPL OXE

WD PRFL JDPL]NRSDOQL:SU]\SDGNXHOHNWURZQLQDZ JLHOEUXQDWQ\QDMF] VWV]\MHVW

EH]SR UHGQL WUDQVSRUW Z JOD ] NRSDOQL RGNU\ZNRZHM V\VWHPHP WD PRFL JyZ 'R

WUDQVSRUWXNROHMRZHJRZ JODVWRVXMHVL VSHFMDOQHZDJRQ\Z JODUNLSU]\VWRVRZDQH

GR PHFKDQLF]QHJR Z\áDGXQNX : 3ROVFH X \ZD VL  Z JODUHN W\SX :GGR R

áDGRZQR FLGR0J]RGFK\ORQ  FLDQDSU]HGQL RUD]VDPRZ\áDGRZF]\FKZ JODUHN

W\SX7DOERW0J>@

:HZQ WU]HOHNWURZQLLHOHNWURFLHSáRZQL]DZRGRZ\FKZ JLHOMHVWWUDQVSRUWRZDQ\

SU]HQR QLNDPL WD PRZ\PL 1D U\VXQNX D L E SU]HGVWDZLRQR W\SRZH HOHPHQW\

LQVWDODFMLQDZ JODQLDHOHNWURZQLQDZ JLHONDPLHQQ\LEUXQDWQ\



D



E



26







)!: !

K6˜

:+"



/

,
 !


5

 !

c'("

2

;R 


5

-A
”'!
79

  ()!3!k$+# !
"

)6©



–



5

,$-'
3K

–

'$+#:+
,$-'
3

`

–

:+'2

*

5

3

_

–

2

?
$

'
' 2

?
3Z

–

"

78(/

53

–


:& !

'<$%)'"

2

 <)!3

\

–

72

) 3

]

–




!

'!(()2

 3

^

–

:&
,$%
,"

$&3

[

–


:&( (

'9:+/



!<)!3k(

–



2$%



/)!3bK

–

$-#$%(:+#:+
,$-'6



'RVWDUF]RQ\ GR HOHNWURZQL Z JLHO QDMF] FLHM MHVW VNáDGRZDQ\ Z ]DVREQLNX

V]F]HOLQRZ\PPDM F\PNV]WDáWGáXJLHJREHWRQRZHJROHMDXGRáXNWyUHJR]QDMGXMHVL 

Z\JDUQLDN Z JORZ\ D SRG QLP SU]HQR QLN WD PRZ\ U\V  2SUyF] ]DVREQLND

V]F]HOLQRZHJR HOHNWURZQLD ]Z\NOH PD WDN H UH]HUZRZ\ ]DVREQLN Z JOD Z SRVWDFL

VNáDGX Z JORZHJR VWDQRZL F\ ]DEH]SLHF]HQLH SU]HG ]DNáyFHQLDPL Z GRVWDZDFK

Z JOD



ª

«

¬



­,®

­ ­

¯

°



­

«

€‚

ƒ

„8ƒ…‚

…†*…‡ˆ

‰sƒ

‡Šˆ

‚

(‹

Œ!ƒ+!‚

ƒ

„Ž„k‰6‹





c)!: !

`

X=*#'!79 $&*)
:&( !

'9:%/



(<)<

5



: JLHO NDPLHQQ\ SU]HG ]áR HQLHP Z VNáDGRZLVNX MHVW UR]GUDEQLDQ\ Z

NUXV]DUNDFKDQDVW SQLHZVHSDUDWRUDFKPDJQHW\F]Q\FKRGZ JOD]RVWDM RGG]LHORQH

PHWDOH 'R REVáXJL VNáDGX WR ]QDF]\ GR V\SDQLD Z JOD QD VNáDG L MHJR SRELHUDQLD

VáX ]ZDáRZDUNLLáDGRZDUNL

: FHOX ]DSHZQLHQLD QLHSU]HUZDQHM SUDF\ EORNX HQHUJHW\F]QHJR NRFLRá MHVW

Z\SRVD RQ\Z]DVREQLNLSU]\NRWáRZHZ JOD3RMHPQR üSU]\NRWáRZ\FK]DVREQLNyZ

ZSROVNLFKHOHNWURZQLDFKQDZ JLHONDPLHQQ\]DSHZQLDSUDF EORNXSU]H]–K

Z SU]\SDGNX HOHNWURZQL QD Z JLHO EUXQDWQ\ ]DSDV Z JOD Z ]DVREQLNDFK

SU]\NRWáRZ\FKSRZLQLHQZ\VWDUF]DüQD–K>@

,QVWDODFMHROHMRZH

,QVWDODFMD ROHMRZD VNáDGD VL  ] SRMHG\QF]HJR OXE NLONX ]ELRUQLNyZ ROHMX

RSDáRZHJR przewodów i armatury dR QDSHáQLDQLD ]ELRUQLNyZ RUD] GRSURZDG]DQLD

ROHMXRSDáRZHJRGRSDOnika lub palników.

=ELRUQLNLROHMXRSDáRZHJRPRJ E\ü>@

¾QD]LHPQH

¾SRG]LHPQH

¾ZSRPLHV]F]HQLDFKPDJD]\QRZ\FK

=ELRUQLNL ROHMX RSDáRZHJR SRZLQQ\ E\ü Z\SRVD RQH Z SU]HZRG\

RGSRZLHWU]DM FH3RMHPQR üSRMHG\QF]HJR]ELRUQLNDQD]LHPQHJRROHMXRSDáRZHJRQLH



26







PR HE\üZL NV]DQL P

I

:UD]LHVWRVRZDQLD kilku zbiorników oleju konieczne

MHVWX \FLHUR]G]LHODF]\VNáDGDM F\FKVL ]]HVSRáX]DZRUyZ>@

8NáDG QDSHáQLDQLD ]ELRUQLNyZ ROHMHP RSDáRZ\P SRZLQLHQ PLHü V]F]HOQH

VNXWHF]QLH X]LHPLRQH SRá F]HQLH RG F\VWHUQ\ GR ]ELRUQLND *UDQLF]QD ZDUWR ü

QDSHáQLHQLD]ELRUQLNyZZ\QRVLREM WR FLFDáNRZLWHM

2OHM RSDáRZ\ PR H E\ü GRSURZDG]DQ\ do palników w V\VWHPLH

MHGQRSU]HZRGRZ\P OXE GZXSU]HZRGRZ\P 2EHFQLH Z ZL NV]R FL SDOQLNyZ VWRVXMH

VL GZXSU]HZRGRZ\V\VWHP]DVLODQLDROHMHP

1DU\VXQNXSU]HGVWDZLRQRSU]\NáDGGZXSU]HZRGRZHMLQVWDODFML]DVLODQLDOHNNLP

ROHMHPRSDáRZ\PSRMHG\QF]HJRSDOQLNDROHMRZHJR]SRMHG\QF]HJR]ELRUQLNDROHMX



)!: !

_



1

/0!79
"k*#($+<<



!:%"



/

(
:&



 !



,'('

7±



,7²
2

*)7sA



−



 $- !

'3K!3

`

3

_

−

"

<$+)6A 

<<)!3 ' "

$&

()!3($%?




/)!3

Z(3(

−

$+)kA
:&





/)!3$-#"

<)!3

\

−

4





"

$,3

]

−




!

'



,QVWDODFMHROHMXFL NLHJR

&L NLHROHMHRSDáRZHMDNVWRVRZDQ\ZHOHNWURZQLDFKPD]XWPDM GX OHSNR ü

LZWHPSHUDWXU]HSRNRMRZHMVL ]HVWDODM :FHOXXWU]\PDQLDROHMXZSRVWDFLSá\QQHM

]ELRUQLNLSU]HZRG\LDUPDWXUDPXV] E\üXWU]\P\ZDQHZRGSRZLHGQLHMGODGDQHJR

ROHMXWHPSHUDWXU]H:HOHNWURZQLDFKLQVWDODFMHPD]XWRZHV Z\SRVD RQHZJU]HMQH

SU]HZRG\SDURZHZPQLHMV]\FKNRWáRZQLDFKVWRVXMHVL JU]DQLHHOHNWU\F]QH:FHOX

XQLNQL FLD]DW\NDQLDVL SU]HZRGyZ]]DVDG\VWRVXMHVL GZXSU]HZRGRZHLQVWDODFMH

ROHMXFL NLHJR]FL Já UHF\UNXODFM ROHMX

=DGDQLHP SU]\NRWáRZHM DUPDWXU\ ROHMX MHVW ]DSHZQLHQLH RGSRZLHGQLFK

SDUDPHtrów zasilania palników mazutowych. Na rysXQNXSRND]DQRXSURV]F]RQ\

VFKHPDW LQstalacji mazutowej zasilania palników ROHMRZ\FK ] UR]S\ODQLHP ROHMX ]D

SRPRF SDU\





 









€‚

ƒ

„8ƒ…‚

…†*…‡ˆ

‰sƒ

‡Šˆ

‚

(‹

Œ!ƒ+!‚

ƒ

„Ž„k‰6‹







c)!: !

Z

1

/0!79
"k4

$,
5 79 "

#?

:+"



/

,(79
#"

<

œ

lektrowni Turów:

Q

“

–

–



2(6


!

'


,$+79
"

#$-)<' "

2

<

3

£

a

–

£Y³

–

!

 $- !

'!



%#

,QVWDODFMHJD]RZH

,QVWDODFMHJD]yZ]LHPQ\FK

,QVWDODFMDJD]RZDVNáDGDVL ]SU]HZodów,NXUNyZUHGXNWRUDFL QLHQLDJD]RPLHU]D

L DUPDWXU\ RGFLQDM FHM >@ =DZyU NXUHN JáyZQ\ VáX \ GR RGFL FLD GRSá\ZX JD]X

] VLHFL JD]RZHM GR LQVWDODFML JD]RZHM 5HGXNWRU VáX \ GR SU]HWZDU]DQLD GX HJR L

]PLHQQHJRFL QLHQLDZORWRZHJRQDPQLHMV]HLVWDáHFL QLHQLHZ\ORWRZH.XUHNJáyZQ\L

UHGXNWRUSRZLQQ\]QDMGRZDüVL QD]HZQ WU]EXG\QNX:SU]\SDGNX]DVLODQLD]VLHFL

JD]RZHM

RFL QLHQLXGRN3D]DXU] G]HQLHPUHGXNXM F\PSRZLQLHQE\üNXUHNRGFLQDM F\1D

SU]HZRG\JD]RZHQDOH \VWRVRZDüUXU\VWDORZHEH]V]ZXOXEUXU\PLHG]LDQH>@

$UPDWXUD RGFLQDM FD PXVL E\ü LQVWDORZDQD SU]HG ND G\P XU] G]HQLHP

JD]RZ\P L JD]RPLHU]HP RUD] Z PLHMVFDFK UR]G]LHODM F\FK SRV]F]HJyOQH RGFLQNL

LQVWDODFMLJD]RZHM(OHPHQWDPLRGFLQDM F\PLV NXUNLJD]RZHEH]GáDZLNRZHLNXUNL

£

a

£

³

$%2

# '(#

Q

“

–

a

Q

“

–

´


:&



 !



79

#"

7

$% /)$+'#



/



7
#"

#



/02



!

/

µ¶

¶

–1

20

°

C



·

¶

–

· ¸

°

C



'

'("

 $
,$+)

~

[(3

–1,2 MPa, ~220 °C)



26







NXORZH,QVWDODFMDGRSURZDG]DM FD JD]GRNRWáRZQLRPRF\SRQDGN:SRZLQQD

E\üZ\SRVD RQDZHOHNWURPDJQHW\F]Q\]DZyURGFLQDM F\G]LDáDM F\SRGZSá\ZHP

V\JQDáX F]XMQLND Z\NU\ZDM FHJR REHFQR ü JD]X Z SRPLHV]F]HQLX 1D U\VXQNX 

SU]HGVWDZLRQRSU]\NáDGLQVWDODFMLJD]RZHMGRSURZDG]HQLDJD]X]LHPQHJRGRPDáHJR

NRWáD

]SRMHG\QF]\PSDOQLNLHPJD]RZ\P





)!: (

˜

:+"



/

,
5
?
c
:,





/
c+) !/)<6


(

'95
*)kA



−

$-#$%/

55
*)!3K

−


;$5 2

;* ()!3

`

−


, $+)(3

_

−

5(
78

$+3Z

−

4-



"

$&3

−

$& #'("

 $,3

\

–

79
 !79"

$,3

]

– zawór elektromagn

"

)!/ )!3

^

– przewód kompensacyjny, 10 –




!

'95
*)



,QVWDODFMHJD]yZSá\QQ\FK

=ELRUQLNLJD]XSá\QQHJRPRJ E\ü

¾QD]LHPQH

¾SRG]LHPQHSU]\NU\WHZDUVWZ ]LHPLPLQLPXPP

¾]DJá ELRQHOXERV\SDQH]LHPL 



c)!: !

\

˜

:+"



/



:&



 !

c$%
 !7M#'(2

#$%6
,2

'5*'"

2

c()2

5

P

b‘K([6A



−



 $+ !

'(2

) ( ! 5*($%6
 #!3K

−


;$b'

"

*)!3

`

−

:,
 !

'63

_

–

79
 79"

$&3(Z

−


;$/





/)(3





























przewód

$&5(
,2

)



  













   



















:+"



/



 =

"

$+ !



!:%"



/



=

"

$+ 

6


!

'›




!

'8K

¹

a

º

»

º

¼

º

½

€‚

ƒ

„8ƒ…‚

…†*…‡ˆ

‰sƒ

‡Šˆ

‚

(‹

Œ!ƒ+!‚

ƒ

„Ž„k‰6‹





¾(¿(À

−

Á%ÂÃÄÅÆ

ÇÁ

¿(È

−

ÇÃÉÊ,Á&ÇË=ÌË?Ê ÍÎ

¿Ï

−

ÎÊË*ÐÁÑ!ÂÎÉ!Ò

 ÍÎÂ

Ó+Æ

ËÊ

¿bÔÕ

−

ÎÊËÐ ÁÇÃ(ÍÒ

ÖÊ

×

Í,Ì

¿

Ô(Ô

−

ÂØ

ÂÅÆ

Á&Ç ÙÊÚÖ(ÂÆ

Ì!ÍÎÖ(Ì<ÎÊËÐÁÇÃ(ÍÒ

ÖÊ

×

ÍÌ

¿kÔÛ

−

Ó+Ì(ÚÖÊØ

Ò

ÎÊÆ

Ç ÁÍÒ

Ö!Ò

ÂÖ(Ò

Ê Ú(ÊÎÄ

¿kÔÜ

− zawór regulacyjno

Ý

Ý

ÇÃ(ÍÒ

ÖÊ

×

ÍÌ

¿kÔÞ

−

ِÊÖ(ÇÙ9ÂÆ

Á

¿bÔß

− zawór elektromagnetyczny, 16 − przewód elastyczny

%H]SLHF]Q RGOHJáR üPL G]\]ELRUQLNDPLJD]XSá\QQHJRLEXG\QNDPLRNUH ODM 

RGSRZLHGQLHSU]HSLV\>@=ELRUQLNQDJD]Sá\QQ\SRZLQLHQE\üZ\SRVD RQ\ZXNáDG

RGSURZDG]DQLDáDdunków elektrycznych. 

6WDFMDUHGXNF\MQDJD]XSá\QQHJRUR]SU DOQLDPXVLVL ]QDMGRZDüQD]HZQ WU]

EXG\QNX3U]HZRG\JD]XSá\QQHJRSRZLQQ\E\üZ\NRQDQH]UXUVWDORZ\FKEH]V]ZX

OXE]UXUPLHG]LDQ\FK3Rá F]HQLDSU]HZRGyZSRZLQQ\E\üVSDZDQHOXENRáQLHU]RZH

[3]. Przewód gazowy

 SU]HG ZHM FLHP GR EXG\QNX SRZLQLHQPLHü NXUHN RGFLQDM F\

XPLHV]F]RQ\QD]HZQ WU]EXG\QNX

1DU\VXQNXSU]HGVWDZLRQRZXSURV]F]HQLXSURSDQRZ LQVWDODFM UR]SDáNRZ 

GR NRWáD S\áRZHJR 23 Z =(& :URFáDZ .2*(1(5$&-$ 6$ :\Uy QLD VL 

Z QLHM F] ü ]HZQ WU]Q  L ZHZQ WU]Q  &] ü ]HZQ WU]QD LQVWDODFML VNáDGD VL 

] ]ELRUQLND SURSDQX  HOHNWU\F]QHJR RGSDURZ\ZDF]D SURSDQX  UHGXNWRUD 

L]DZRUXRGFLQDM FHJR:LQVWDODFMLZHZQ WU]QHMZ\VW SXM ]DZRU\UHJXODF\MQR

RGFLQDM FHV\JQDOL]DWRU\FL QLHQLDL]DZRU\HOHNWURPDJQHW\F]QH

: LQVWDODFML ]HZQ WU]QHM QDVW SXMH RGSDURZDQLH FLHNáHJR SURSDQX NWyU\ SU]H]

LQVWDODFM ZHZQ WU]Q MHVWUR]SURZDG]DQ\ZSRVWDFLJD]RZHM]NROHNWRUDGRSDOQLNyZ

JD]RZ\FK

/LWHUDWXUD

>@$

àcáâYã!äå+ä!æVç èé

63RGVWDZ\SURMHNWRZDQLDVLáRZQLFLHSOQ\FK:17:DUV]DZD

>@&KHPLDLIL]\NDZ JODUHG6-DVLH NR2ILF\QD:\GDZQLF]D3ROLWHFKQLNL:URFáDZVNLHM

:URFáDZ

>@)

êâYë!ìè

 / L LQ :DUXQNL WHFKQLF]QH L RGELRUX NRWáRZQL QD SDOLZD JD]RZH LROHMRZH

6**L.:DUV]DZD

>@+

äbçç íä!î

5. 5

ä!ìçïYàäâ

-: 5

é

íäî

-7 &RDO 6FLHQFH -RKQ :LOH\ DQG 6RQV ,QF

1HZ<RUN

>@.

âêðbã!äè

 6 .RWá\ SDURZH 2ILF\QD :\GDZQLF]D 3ROLWHFKQLNL :URFáDZVNLHM :URFáDZ



>@0

ä6é

âYï

&]3RGVWDZ\JRVSRGDUNLHQHUJHW\F]QHM:17:DUV]DZD

>@0

ïí!äàcáì

-*D]]LHPQ\:17:DUV]DZD

>@2

âñ6ïYæVç ècé

3'

ïòbâYã!ì

ç èé

:6

ã(æóìâYð

(.RWá\SDURZH:17:DUV]DZD

>@31&3U]HWZRU\QDIWRZH2OHMRSDáRZ\

>@7HFKQLVFKH$UEHLWVEOlWWHU0DWHULDá\0D[:HLKDXSW*PE+

>@7HFKQRORJLD FKHPLF]QD SDOLZ ûZLF]HQLD ODERUDWRU\MQH UHG - 6XU\JDáD 2ILF\QD

:\GDZQLF]D3ROLWHFKQLNL:URFáDZVNLHM:URFáDZ

>@7

ïô9ä6ðbãä!è

-6SDODQLHZ JOD:\GDZQLFWZR3ROLWHFKQLNL O VNLHM*OLZLFH