WIERTNICTWO NAFTA GAZ x TOM 24 x ZESZYT 2 x 2007
&]HVáDZ5\ELFNL 6WDQLVáDZàXF]\ĔVNL
320,$5<1$7ĉĩ(1,$35=(3à<:8
:67ĉ3
:FHOXRNUHĞOHQLDLORĞFLFLHF]\LJD]yZSU]HSá\ZDMąF\FKZUXURFLąJDFKSURZDG]RQH
Vą SRPLDU\ SU]HSá\ZX :\NRQXMH VLĊ SRPLDU\ SUĊGNRĞFL SU]HSá\ZX
w PV QDWĊĪHQLD
REMĊWRĞFLRZHJRTP
VOXEVWUXPLHQLDPDV\*NJV:LHONRĞFLWHVą]HVREąSRZLą]DQH
LPRJąE\üREOLF]RQHZHGáXJ]DOHĪQRĞFLT = Z6* ȡTMHĪHOL]QDQHVą
S±SRZLHU]FKQLD
SU]HNURMX
w± SUĊGNRĞüĞUHGQLDLȡ±JĊVWRĞFLSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRF]\QQLND
3U]\U]ąGDPLGRSRPLDUXQDWĊĪHQLDSU]HSá\ZXJD]XVąJD]RPLHU]H:SU]HP\ĞOHJD]RZ-
QLF]\PXĪ\ZDQ\FKMHVWZLHOHW\SyZJD]RPLHU]\6ąWRPLĊG]\LQQ\PL
± JD]RPLHU]H]ZĊĪNRZH
± JD]RPLHU]HWXUELQRZH
± JD]RPLHU]HURWRURZH
± JD]RPLHU]HPLHFKRZH
± JD]RPLHU]HXOWUDGĨZLĊNRZH
± JD]RPLHU]HG]LDáDMąFHZRSDUFLXRVLáĊ&RULROLVD
± WHUPLF]QH
± RSW\F]QH
7\SRV]HUHJJD]RPLHU]\ **********
******
5RG]DMJD]RPLHU]DGRELHUDVLĊZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGWDE
± IXQNFML MDNą PD VSHáQLDü Z RNUHĞORQ\P RGFLQNX SRPLDURZ\P RNUHĞORQHJR URG]DMX
XNáDGXSRPLDURZHJR
± PDNV\PDOQHJRZ\GDWNXREMĊWRĞFLRZHJRLPDNV\PDOQHJRFLĞQLHQLDPLHU]RQHJRJD]X
:DUWRĞFL GRW\F]ą SRMHG\QF]HJR RGFLQND SRPLDURZHJR Z NWyU\P SUĊGNRĞü JD]X QLH
SRZLQQD SU]HNUDF]Dü GOD JD]RPLHU]D ]ZĊĪNRZHJR PV GOD JD]RPLHU]D WXUELQRZHJR
LURWRURZHJRPVGODJD]RPLHU]DPLHFKRZHJRPV
:\G]LDá:LHUWQLFWZD1DIW\L*D]X$*+.UDNyZ
Tabela 1
'REyUURG]DMXJD]RPLHU]DZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGPDNV\PDOQHJRFLĞQLHQLDLVWUXPLHQLDREMĊWRĞFL
Rodzaj
gazomierza
Maksymalna
ĞUHGQLFDQRPLQDOQD
'1>PP@
0DNV\PDOQ\VWUXPLHĔREMĊWRĞFL
JD]X4>P
n
K@
Maksymalne
FLĞQLHQLHURERF]H
S>N3D@
4
1
4
n
=ZĊĪNRZ\
Turbinowy
Rotorowy
Miechowy
8OWUDGĨZLHNRZ\
Masowy
±
±
*$=20,(5=(=:ĉĩ.2:(
=ZĊĪNLSRPLDURZHG]LHOąVLĊQD
± NU\]\
± G\V]HSRPLDURZH
± ]ZĊĪNLNU\W\F]QH
± ]ZĊĪNLRJUDQLF]DMąFH
*D]RPLHU]H]ZĊĪNRZHVąSU]H]QDF]RQHVąGR
± SRPLDUXLORĞFLJD]yZZFHODFKUR]OLF]HQLRZ\FK
± RSRPLDURZDQLDOLQLLSU]HV\áRZ\FKLG\VWU\EXFMLJD]yZWHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK
± SRPLDUyZNRQWUROQ\FKSU]HSá\ZXJD]X
'RERUX JD]RPLHU]\ GRNRQXMH VLĊ Z RSDUFLX R RGSRZLHGQLH QRUP\ .U\]\ ZPRQWR
ZDQHZUXURFLąJPXV]ąE\üRGSRZLHGQLRREXGRZDQH=HVSyáREXGRZ\NU\]\]DOHĪ\RGUR-
G]DMXRGELRUXFLĞQLHQLD.DĪG\]HVSyáREXGRZ\NU\]\VNáDGDVLĊ]W]ZREXGRZ\SOXVRZHM
SRVWURQLHGRSá\ZRZHMRUD]REXGRZ\PLQXVRZHMSRVWURQLHRGSá\ZRZHM2EXGRZ\NU\]
VąZ\SRVDĪRQHZNUyüFHLPSXOVRZHRUD]VSXVWRZHZ\SRVDĪRQHZ]DZRU\]DSRURZH'áX-
JRĞFLREXGyZNU\]Z]DOHĪQRĞFLRGURG]DMXRGELRUXFLĞQLHQLDVąUyĪQHLSRZLQQ\Z\QRVLü
RG·PP
1RZ\PUR]ZLą]DQLHPNRQVWUXNF\MQ\PVą]HVWDZ\REXGyZNU\]]PHFKDQL]PHPZ\-
PLDQ\6WRVXMHVLĊMHZPLHMVFDFKJG]LHQLHPDPRĪOLZRĞFLUR]VXZDRGFLQNyZSRPLDURZ\FK
ZWUDNFLH]DNáDGDQLDLZ\MPRZDQLDNU\]\2EXGRZ\WHJRW\SXPRJąE\üZ\NRQ\ZDQHMDNR
MHGQROXEGZXNRPRURZHU\V
:LHONRĞüJD]RPLHU]\]ZĊĪNRZ\FKGRELHUDVLĊZJWDEHOLZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSU]HZLG\-
ZDQ\FKPDNV\PDOQ\FKLPLQLPDOQ\FKZLHONRĞFLSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRVWUXPLHQLDREMĊWRĞFLJD]X
SU]H]JD]RPLHU]:DUWRĞFLSRGDQHZWDEHOLQDOHĪ\WUDNWRZDüMDNRRULHQWDF\MQH
D
E
F
Rys. 1. .U\]\SRPLDURZH]PHFKDQL]PHPZ\PLDQ\DSU]\NáDGW\SRZHM]DEXGRZ\GZXNRPRURZHM
Ä),20$67(5´ Z FLąJX SRPLDURZ\P E REXGRZD GZXNRPRURZD NU\]\ ¿UP\ 3LHWUR )LRUHQWLQL
FJD]RPLHU]]ZĊĪNRZ\GZXNRPRURZ\¿UP\3(&2>@
:FHOXX]\VNDQLD]DNUHVXSRPLDURZHJRUyZQHJR]DNUHVRZLSRPLDURZHPXSU]HWZRUQLND
SLHUZLDVWNXMąFHJRQDOHĪ\VWRVRZDüGZDSU]HWZRUQLNLOLQLRZH%áąGV\JQDáXZ\MĞFLRZHJR
SU]HWZRUQLNDSRPLDURZHJRUyĪQLF\FLĞQLHĔSLHUZLDVWNXMąFHJROXEOLQLRZHJRMHVWPQLHMV]\
QLĪJyUQHMJUDQLF\]DNUHVXRUD]QLHSRZLQLHQSU]HNUDF]DüZDUWRĞFLV\JQDáX
RGSRZLDGDMąFHJRZDUWRĞFLZLHONRĞFLPLHU]RQHM
7DEHOD
3DUDPHWU\JD]RPLHU]\]ZĊĪNRZ\FK
:LHONRĞü
gazomierza
D
n
>PP@
T
max
>P
n
K@
T
min
>P
n
K@
-HGHQSU]HWZRUQLN'S
OXEGZDSU]HWZRUQLNL'S
-HGHQSU]HWZRUQLN
'S
*=
*=
*=
*=
*=
*=
*=
*=
*$=20,(5=(785%,12:(
*D]RPLHU]WXUELQRZ\U\VMHVWWRJD]RPLHU]NWyUHJRHOHPHQWHPSRPLDURZ\PMHVW
ZLUQLN]HVNU]\GHáNDPLREUDFDMąF\VLĊ]SUĊGNRĞFLąSURSRUFMRQDOQąGRVWUXPLHQLDREMĊWRĞFL
SU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRJD]X*D]RPLHU]HWXUELQRZH]QDMGXMą]DVWRVRZDQLHJáyZQLHSU]\SRPLD-
UDFK UR]OLF]HQLRZ\FK JD]X Z VLHFLDFK SU]HV\áRZ\FK Z\VRNLHJR FLĞQLHQLD 0RJą E\ü RQH
VWRVRZDQHWDNĪHSU]\FLĞQLHQLDFKQLĪV]\FKMHGQDNLFKSUDFDMHVWQDMEDUG]LHMNRU]\VWQDSU]\
Z\VRNLFKFLĞQLHQLDFKNLHG\Z]UDVWD]DNUHVSRPLDURZ\JD]RPLHU]DDREQLĪHQLXXOHJDHIHNW
EH]ZáDGQRĞFLWXUELQ\
D
E
F
5\V*D]RPLHU]HWXUELQRZHD¿UP\$OVL*7(E¿UP\*D]RPHWW\S75=F&*7¿UP\
&RPPRQ>@
.RUSXVJáyZQ\JD]RPLHU]DPRĪHE\üZ\NRQDQ\]DOXPLQLXPĪHOLZDĪHOLZDVIHURL-
GDOQHJROXEWHĪ]HVWDOLZNV]WDáFLHF\OLQGUDZUD]]]LQWHJURZDQ\PLNRáQLHU]DPLVáXĪąF\PL
GR]DPRQWRZDQLDJD]RPLHU]D
:VNáDGJD]RPLHU]DWXUELQRZHJRZFKRG]ą
± =HVSyá
pomiarowy±NRPRUDSRPLDURZDVNáDGDMąFDVLĊ]
SURVWRZQLF\VWUXPLHQLD
ZLUQLNDSRPLDURZHJRWXUELQ\Z\NRQDQHJR]GXĪąGRNáDGQRĞFLą]DOXPLQLXPOXE
WZRU]\ZDV]WXF]QHJR
SRPS\ROHMXVWRVRZDQHMZJD]RPLHU]DFKRĞUHGQLFDFKZLĊNV]\FKMDNPP
± =HVSyáSU]HQLHVLHQLDQDSĊGXVNáDGDMąF\VLĊ]HVSU]ĊJáDPDJQHW\F]QHJRZUD]]NRU-
SXVHPSU]HJURG\KHUPHW\F]QHM
=HVSyáOLF]\GáD±]áRĪRQ\]SU]HNáDGQL]ĊEDW\FK]DSRPRFąNWyU\FK]RVWDMą]OLF]DQH
REURW\WXUELQ\SU]HND]\ZDQHQDVWĊSQLHQDOLF]\GáRPHFKDQLF]QH]OLF]DMąFHU]HF]\ZLVWąLORĞü
SU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRJD]X
*D]RPLHU]HZ\SRVDĪRQHVąZGZDRWZRU\LPSXOVRZHZSRVWDFLNUyüFyZ]JZLQWRZD-
Q\PJQLD]GHP2WZRU\WHVąUR]PLHV]F]RQHV\PHWU\F]QLHSRREXVWURQDFKNRUSXVXJáyZ-
QHJR:LHONRĞüLPSXOVyZF]\OLOLF]EDP
JD]XSU]\SDGDMąFDQDMHGHQLPSXOVXVWDODQDMHVW
GODNDĪGHJRJD]RPLHU]DLSRGDZDQDSU]H]SURGXFHQWDZWDEOLF]FH]QDPLRQRZHM'áXJRĞü
FDáNRZLWDJD]RPLHU]DWXUELQRZHJRZ\QRVL'
n
QDWRPLDVWRGOHJáRĞFLVNUDMQLHZ\VWDMąF\FK
F]ĊĞFLJD]RPLHU]DNWyUHZ\VWDMąSR]DNRUSXVJD]RPLHU]DPLHU]RQHRGMHJRRVLZ\QRV]ąRN
PPSOXVĞUHGQLF\QRPLQDOQHMJD]RFLąJX'
n
'ZXWXUELQRZ\ PRGXá ÄDXWRDGMXVW´ U\V VWRVRZDQ\ Z JD]RPLHU]DFK$OVL (TXL-
PHWHU SU]\VWRVRZXMH JD]RPLHU]H GR VSHáQLDQLD GRGDWNRZ\FK F]\QQRĞFL SROHJDMąF\FK QD
V\JQDOL]RZDQLX QLHSUDZLGáRZRĞFL Z SUDF\ XU]ąG]HQLD 0RGXá SR]ZDOD QD DXWRPDW\F]QH
VDPRNRU\JRZDQLHPLHU]RQHMZLHONRĞFLLQLZHORZDQLHEáĊGyZEĊGąF\FKZ\QLNLHP]XĪ\FLD
HOHPHQWyZJD]RPLHU]D
D
E
Rys. 3. 6FKHPDWJD]RPLHU]DWXUELQRZHJRDEXGRZD]HVSyáSRPLDURZ\ZVNáDGNWyUHJRZFKRG]ą
±NRUSXVJáyZQ\±NLHURZQLFDVWUXJL±ZLUQLNWXUELQ\±]HVSyáSU]HQLHVLHQLDQDSĊGX±]HVSyá
OLF]\GáDESU]HNUyMJD]RPLHU]DZ\SRVDĪRQHJRZPRGXá´DXWRDGMXVW´>@
*D]RPLHU]HWXUELQRZHVWRVXMHVLĊGRQDMQLĪV]HJRQDWĊĪHQLDSU]HSá\ZXZ\QRV]ąFHJR
P
n
KSU]\]DNUHVRZRĞFLREFLąĪHQLD
=DVDGDSRPLDUXSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRPHGLXPSU]H]JD]RPLHU]WXUELQRZ\SROHJDQDSRPLD-
U]HSRĞUHGQLP1LHMHVWPLHU]RQDEH]SRĞUHGQLRREMĊWRĞüSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRJD]XOHF]OLF]ED
REURWyZWXUELQ\3RGF]DVSUDF\JD]RPLHU]D]DNáDGDVLĊĪHSUĊGNRĞüREURWRZDWXUELQ\MHVW
SURSRUFMRQDOQDGRVWUXPLHQLDREMĊWRĞFLJD]X:U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLZLHONRĞüWD]DOHĪQDMHVWMHV]F]H
RGWDNLFKZLHONRĞFLMDNOHSNRĞüNLQHPDW\F]QDJĊVWRĞüPRPHQWWDUFLDZáRĪ\VNDFKĞUHGQLFD
NRUSXVXĞUHGQLFDSLDVW\ĞUHGQLFD]HZQĊWU]QHMWXUELQ\LORĞüLJUXERĞüáRSDWHNQDFK\OHQLH
áRSDWHNGáXJRĞüWXUELQ\VNRNOLQLLĞUXERZHM
*D]RPLHU]HWXUELQRZHVąSUHF\]\MQ\PLXU]ąG]HQLDPLSRPLDURZ\PL:FHOX]DSHZQLHQLD
LFKSUDZLGáRZHJRIXQNFMRQRZDQLDQDOHĪ\GRNáDGQLHSU]HVWU]HJDüLQVWUXNFMLSURGXFHQWDRUD]
LQVWUXNFMLPRQWDĪRZ\FK*D]RPLHU]HWXUELQRZHZZ\NRQDQLXVWDQGDUGRZ\PSU]H]QDF]RQH
VąGRSUDF\ZSR]\FMLSR]LRPHMRUD]LQVWDORZDQHQDRGFLQNDFKSURVWROLQLRZHJRSU]HSá\ZX
JD]X'RSXV]F]DVLĊSLRQRZ\PRQWDĪJD]RPLHU]\GRQDSá\ZX]JyU\MHGQDNW\ONRGODJD-
]RPLHU]\NWyUHVąZ\NRQ\ZDQHQDVSHFMDOQH]DPyZLHQLH6SRVyELQVWDORZDQLDSLRQRZHJR
QDOHĪ\MHGQDNV]F]HJyáRZRX]JDGQLDü]SURGXFHQWHPSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\
*D]RPLHU]H WXUELQRZH VWDUV]HM JHQHUDFML Z\PDJDá\ GáXJLFK SURVW\FK RGFLQNyZ GR-
Sá\ZRZ\FKNWyUHPRQWRZDQHVąSU]HGJD]RPLHU]HP3U]HGRGFLQNLHPGRSá\ZRZ\PMHVW
]DPRQWRZDQ\¿OWUJD]RZ\ZFHOXGRNáDGQHJRRF]\V]F]HQLDJD]X]F]ąVWHNFRQDMPQLHMGR
PPZFHOX]DEH]SLHF]HQLDSU]HGXV]NRG]HQLHPZLUQLNDWXUELQ\NWyU\MHVWZUDĪOLZ\QD
XV]NRG]HQLDPHFKDQLF]QH:QRZRF]HVQ\FKUR]ZLą]DQLDFKNRQVWUXNF\MQ\FKJD]RPLHU]\GáX-
JRĞüSURVWHJRRGFLQNDSRPLDURZHJRPRĪHZ\QRVLü'
n
EH]SURVWRZQLF\VWUXPLHQLD'áXJRĞü
WDZ\QLND]SRPLDUyZWHFKQRORJLF]Q\FKGRNRQDQ\FKSU]H]¿UP\SURGXNXMąFHJD]RPLHU]H
LSRZLQQDE\üXGRNXPHQWRZDQDQDHWDSLH]DWZLHUG]DQLDW\SXJD]RPLHU]D
&Dá\]HVWDZJD]RPLHU]DWXUELQRZHJRSRND]DQ\QDU\VXQNXVNáDGDVLĊ]RGFLQNDGRSá\-
ZRZHJRJD]RPLHU]DWXUELQRZHJRNRUHNWRUDREMĊWRĞFLRZHJRRUD]RGFLQNDRGSá\ZRZHJR
Rys. 4. =HVWDZPRQWDĪRZ\JD]RPLHU]DWXUELQRZHJR]NRUHNWRUHPREMĊWRĞFL>@
Tabela 3
:LHONRĞFLJD]RPLHU]\WXUELQRZ\FK
:LHONRĞüJD]RPLHU]D
]DOHĪQDRG4
max
>P
n
K@
ĝUHGQLFDQRPLQDOQD
SU]\áąF]\JD]RPLHU]D
DN
:DUWRĞü4
min
Z]DOHĪQRĞFLRG]DNUHVXREFLąĪHQLD
>P
n
K@
65
6
5
16
8
5
8
5
8
65
'RSRPLDUyZLORĞFLSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRJD]XSU]\ĞUHGQLPLZ\VRNLPFLĞQLHQLXQDRGFLQNX
GRSá\ZRZ\PZPRQWRZDQDMHVWSURVWRZQLFDVWUXPLHQLD3U]\SRPLDUDFKJD]XZZDUXQNDFK
GXĪ\FK]DNáyFHĔSU]HSá\ZXGáXJRĞüRGFLQNDSURVWROLQLRZHJRSRVWURQLHGRSá\ZRZHMZ\QRVL
ĞUHGQLFJD]RFLąJXZUD]]GáXJRĞFLąSURVWRZQLF\VWUXPLHQLD2GFLQHNRGSá\ZRZ\MHVWSUR-
VW\LSRZLQLHQSRVLDGDüGZDJQLD]GDQD]DPRQWRZDQLHWHUPRPHWUyZWHPSHUDWXU\NRQWUROQ\
XĪ\WNRZ\=HVWDZ\PRQWDĪRZHUyĪQLąVLĊZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGURG]DMX]DVWRVRZDQ\FKNRUHNWRUyZ
REMĊWRĞFLSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRJD]X]SU]HOLF]QLNLHPVLHFLRZ\POXEEH]SU]HOLF]QLND
:LHONRĞüJD]RPLHU]\WXUELQRZ\FKGRELHUDVLĊWDEZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSU]HZLG\ZDQHJR
REFLąĪHQLDPDNV\PDOQHJRRUD]PLQLPDOQHJRDWDNĪHRGFLĞQLHQLDQRPLQDOQHJR*D]RPLHU]H
WXUELQRZHSU]HZLG]LDQHVąQDFLĞQLHQLHQRPLQDOQHQDVWĊSXMąFHJRW\SRV]HUHJX
03D
*$=20,(5=(527252:(
*D]RPLHU]H URWRURZH Vą SUHF\]\MQ\PL XU]ąG]HQLDPL GR SRPLDUX REMĊWRĞFL JD]X GOD
FHOyZ UR]OLF]HQLRZ\FK L WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK RUD] LQQ\FK JD]yZ Z\PLHQLRQ\FK VWRVRZDQH
ZV]ĊG]LH WDP JG]LH Z\PDJDQH Vą GXĪD GRNáDGQRĞü SRPLDUX ĞUHGQL ]DNUHV SRPLDURZ\
LVROLGQDNRQVWUXNFMD=HZ]JOĊGXQDVZRMHGRVNRQDáHZáDVQRĞFLPHWURORJLF]QHáDWZRĞüRUD]
Z\JRGĊREVáXJLZPLHMVFXSUDF\VąRQHRSW\PDOQ\PLXU]ąG]HQLDPLSRPLDURZ\PLGRPDá\FK
LĞUHGQLFKVWDFMLSRPLDURZ\FKOXEUHGXNF\MQRSRPLDURZ\FK
']LĊNLEDUG]RGXĪHPX]DNUHVRZLSUDF\GRVNRQDOHVSUDZG]DMąVLĊWDPJG]LHZ\VWĊSXMH
GXĪDUyĪQLFDPLĊG]\PDNV\PDOQ\PDPLQLPDOQ\PSU]HSá\ZHPJD]X*D]RPLHU]URWRURZ\
U\VMHVWWRJD]RPLHU]RNRQVWUXNFMLNRPRURZHMRSU]HJURGDFKZSRVWDFLREURWRZ\FK
RGSRZLHGQLRXNV]WDáWRZDQ\FKZLUQLNyZ
D
E
F
Rys. 5. *D]RPLHU]HURWRURZHD¿UP\&RPPRQE¿UP\5RPHWF¿UP\,QWHU*DV>@
2EHFQLHSURGXNXMHVLĊJD]RPLHU]HURWRURZHZZHUVML]HV]W\ZQąNRPRUąSRPLDURZą
U\VDOXE]NRPRUąSRPLDURZąHODVW\F]QLHRVDG]RQąZNRUSXVLHU\VE*D]RPLHU]H
URWRURZHVąSU]\U]ąGDPLGRSRPLDUXREMĊWRĞFL
3U]HSá\ZJD]XSU]H]NRPRUĊSRPLDURZąZ\PXV]DUXFKGZyFKSU]HFLZELHĪQ\FKURWRUyZ
SRáąF]RQ\FKSDUąNyáV\QFKURQL]XMąF\FK3HáQ\REUyWURWRUyZRRGSRZLDGDSU]HSá\ZRZL
F]WHUHFKREMĊWRĞFLJD]XSU]H]NRPRUĊSRPLDURZą
2EUyW URWRUyZ MHVW SU]HQRV]RQ\ SU]H] VSU]ĊJáR PDJQHW\F]QH L V\VWHP SU]HNáDGQL GR
OLF]\GáD ,QIRUPDFMD R LORĞFL JD]X NWyU\ SU]HSá\Qąá SU]H] JD]RPLHU] MHVW ZVND]\ZDQD QD
OLF]\GOHPHFKDQLF]Q\PQDWRPLDVWQDGDMQLNL+)L/)XPRĪOLZLDMąZVSyáSUDFĊJD]RPLHU]D
]]HZQĊWU]Q\PLXU]ąG]HQLDPLHOHNWURQLF]Q\PLQSNRUHNWRUHP&0.&0.LLQQ\PL
SUDFXMąF\PLZVWDQGDUG]LHRNUHĞORQ\PSU]H]RGSRZLHGQLąQRUPĊEUDQĪRZą
=HVWDZPRQWDĪRZ\JD]RPLHU]DURWRURZHJRVNáDGDVLĊ]
± SURVWHJRRGFLQNDUXURFLąJXSRVWURQLHGRSá\ZRZHM
± JD]RPLHU]DURWRURZHJR
± SURVWHJRRGFLQNDUXURFLąJXSRVWURQLHRGSá\ZRZHM
D
E
Rys. 6. 3U]HNUyMJD]RPLHU]\URWRURZ\FK
2EMDĞQLHQLDZWHNĞFLH
Tabela 4
:LHONRĞFLJD]RPLHU]\URWRURZ\FK
:LHONRĞü
gazomierza
ĝUHGQLFD
nominalna
'1>PP@
2EFLąĪHQLH
maksymalne
4
max
>P
n
K@
2EFLąĪHQLHPLQLPDOQH
4
min
>P
n
K@GOD]DNUHVyZREFLąĪHĔ
G 16
*
*
65
G 65
5
*
8
5
*
8
5
*
8
*
*
*
2GFLQHNGRSá\ZRZ\PDGáXJRĞüZLĊNV]ąOXEFRQDMPQLHMUyZQąF]WHUHPĞUHGQLFRP
D
n
2GOHJáRĞüJQLD]GDWHUPRPHWUXRGJD]RPLHU]DSRZLQQDZ\QRVLüQLHZLĊFHMMDN'
n
2G-
FLQHNRGSá\ZRZ\MHVWSURVW\QDGáXJRĞFLFRQDMPQLHM'
n
ZUD]]NRáQLHU]HP1DZ\ORFLH
SRZLQLHQSRVLDGDüNRáQLHU]OXENRĔFyZNĊGRSU]\VSDZDQLD
:LHONRĞüJD]RPLHU]DURWRURZHJR]DOHĪ\RGFLĞQLHQLDQRPLQDOQHJRMDNLSU]HZLG\ZDQ\FK
ZDUWRĞFLMHJRPDNV\PDOQHJRLPLQLPDOQHJRREFLąĪHQLD3U]HZLG\ZDQąZLHONRĞüJD]RPLHU]D
URWRURZHJRGRELHUDVLĊZJWDEHOL
*$=20,(5=(0,(&+2:(
*D]RPLHU] PLHFKRZ\ MHVW SU]HP\VáRZ\P XU]ąG]HQLHP SRPLDURZ\P VSHáQLDMąF\P
QDMZ\ĪV]H Z\PDJDQLD GRW\F]ąFH GRNáDGQRĞFL SRPLDUX L EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD 2G]QDF]DMą VLĊ
QRZRF]HVQąNRQVWUXNFMąG]LĊNLF]HPXSRVLDGDMąPLQLPDOQHZ\PLDU\DZ\GáXĪRQHPXF]D-
VRZL HNVSORDWDFML WRZDU]\V]\ Z\VRND JZDUDQFMD V]F]HOQRĞFL L EH]SLHF]HĔVWZD SUDF\ RUD]
GáXJRWUZDáD VWDELOQRĞü PHWURORJLF]QD *D]RPLHU]H PLHFKRZH U\V VWRVRZDQH Vą SU]\
SRPLDUDFKJD]XXRGELRUFyZLQG\ZLGXDOQ\FKDWDNĪHXRGELRUFyZSU]HP\VáRZ\FK
D
E
Rys. 7. *D]RPLHU]PLHFKRZ\DZLGRNESU]HNUyM>@
*D]RPLHU] PLHFKRZ\ ]EXGRZDQ\ MHVW ] GZyFK NRPyU SRPLDURZ\FK ] RGNV]WDáFDO-
Q\PL PLHV]NDPL 0LHV]NL Z\NRQDQH Vą SU]HZDĪQLH ] WNDQLQ V\QWHW\F]Q\FK JXPRZDQ\FK
GDZQLHMNR]LDVNyUD0HFKDQL]PSRPLDURZ\SUDFXMHQD]DVDG]LHVZRERGQHMPHPEUDQ\
5XFKPHFKDQL]PXZ\ZRáDQ\MHVWUyĪQLFąFLĞQLHĔPLĊG]\NUyüFHPZORWRZ\PDZ\ORWRZ\P
JD]RPLHU]D .RPRUą SRPLDURZą MHVW SU]HVWU]HĔ PLĊG]\ UXFKRPą PHPEUDQą D REXGRZą
JD]RPLHU]D&]WHU\SRG]LHORQHV\QWHW\F]Q\PLPHPEUDQDPLNRPRU\SRPLDURZH]RVWDMąQD
SU]HPLDQQDSHáQLDQHLRSUyĪQLDQHZF]DVLHSUDF\
3U]HNáDGQLDSU]HJXERZDSU]HQRVLUXFKPLHV]NyZQDZDáHNNRUERZ\:DáHNNRUERZ\
SRSU]H]]DVXZ\VWHUXMHSU]HSá\ZHPJD]X5XFKREURWRZ\SU]HNáDGQLSU]HQRV]RQ\MHVWSRSU]H]
VSU]ĊJáRPDJQHW\F]QHQDOLF]\GáR(IHNWHPWHJRVąPDáHVLá\G]LDáDMąFHQDáRĪ\VNRZDQLDRUD]
FLFKDSUDFDJD]RPLHU]DDUR]ZLą]DQLHNRQVWUXNF\MQHRSDUWHQD]DVDG]LHVZRERGQHMPHPEUDQ\
XPRĪOLZLD ]DVWRVRZDQLH PHFKDQLF]QHM NRUHNFML WHPSHUDWXURZHM GOD XVWDORQHM WHPSHUDWXU\
RGQLHVLHQLD*D]RPLHU]HVąSURGXNRZDQHZREXGRZLH]EODFK\VWDORZHMáąF]RQHMQD]DNáDGNĊ
ZZHUVML]GZRPD±OXEMHGQ\PNUyüFHP*D]RPLHU]HPLHFKRZHVWRVRZDQHGRSRPLDUyZ
SU]HP\VáRZ\FKSRVLDGDMąQDGDMQLNLPSXOVyZGRSU]HV\áDQLDGDQ\FK:LHONRĞüJD]RPLHU]D
GRELHUDVLĊZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSU]HZLG\ZDQ\FKREFLąĪHĔPDNV\PDOQHJRLPLQLPDOQHJR:LHO-
NRĞFLVWRVRZDQ\FKJD]RPLHU]\PLHFKRZ\FKSRGDQRZWDEHOLZHGáXJNWyUHMZ]DOHĪQRĞFL
RGĞUHGQLF\LZLHONRĞFLSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRJD]XXVWDODVLĊZLHONRĞüJD]RPLHU]D
Tabela 5
:LHONRĞüJD]RPLHU]\PLHFKRZ\FK
:LHONRĞü
gazomierza
ĝUHGQLFDQRPLQDOQD'
n
>PP@
2EFLąĪHQLHPDNV\PDOQH
4
max
>P
n
K@
2EFLąĪHQLHPLQLPDOQH
4
min
>P
n
K@
*
*
*
6
G 6
*
16
G 16
*
*
65
G 65
*
*
*$=20,(5=(8/75$'ħ:,ĉ.2:(
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HXOWUDGĨZLĊNRZHU\VDPDMą]DVWRVRZDQLH]DUyZQRGRSRPLDUyZ
REMĊWRĞFLSU]HSá\ZDMąF\FKFLHF]\MDNLJD]yZ=DVDGDG]LDáDQLDSROHJDQDZ\V\áDQLXW\VLĊF\
NUyWNLFKZLą]HNLPSXOVyZXOWUDGĨZLĊNRZ\FKQDVHNXQGĊGRSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRSá\QXRVWDáHM
F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFL)DOD]RVWDMHRGELWDRGF]ąVWHF]NLSU]HSá\ZDMąFHMZPHGLXPLSRZUDFD1D
SRGVWDZLHUyĪQLF\F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFLPLĊG]\IDOąZ\VáDQąDIDOąRGELWąZ\]QDF]DQDMHVWSUĊGNRĞü
RVLRZDJD]XNWyUD]DOHĪ\RGĞUHGQLF\UXURFLąJXSU]HV\áRZHJRRUD]OLF]E\5H\QROGVD:\QLN
SRPLDUXSU]HND]\ZDQ\MHVWQDZ\MĞFLH]PRGXáXSUąGRZHJRZSRVWDüV\JQDáXZ]DNUHVLH
·P$RUD]QDGRZROQLHSURJUDPRZDOQHZ\MĞFLDSU]HNDĨQLNRZHGODLORĞFLZDUWRĞFLJUD-
QLF]Q\FK DODUPX LWS:\QLN SRPLDUX SRND]\ZDQ\ MHVW QD Z\ĞZLHWODF]X RUD] ]DSLV\ZDQ\
ZSDPLĊFLZSRVWDFLZ\NUHVX
8OWUDGĨZLĊNRZHF]XMQLNLPLHU]ąV]\ENRĞüSU]HSá\ZXSá\QXSRSU]H]GHWHNFMĊ]PLDQF]Ċ-
VWRWOLZRĞFLXOWUDGĨZLĊNRZHJRHFKDZUDFDMąFHJRGRF]XMQLNDU\VE1RZRF]HVQHF]XMQLNL
]DZLHUDMąGZDSU]HWZRUQLNLSLH]RHOHNWU\F]QHZREXGRZLHVWDORZHM-HGHQSU]HWZRUQLNZ\V\áD
LPSXOV\ XOWUDGĨZLĊNRZH ] SUHF\]\MQą F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFLą NWyUH Vą RGELMDQH GR SU]HWZRUQLND
RGELRUF]HJRRGJD]XOXEF]ąVWHF]HNZFLHF]\
Rys. 8. *D]RPLHU]XOWUDGĨZLĊNRZ\DZLGRNJD]RPLHU]DE]DVDGDG]LDáDQLD>@
D
E
3RQLHZDĪFLHF]VLĊSRUXV]DSRZUDFDMąFHHFKRZUDFDGRF]XMQLND]H]PLHQLRQąF]ĊVWRWOL-
ZRĞFLąHIHNW'RSSOHUD:SU]\SDGNXVWRVRZDQLDGRSUHF\]\MQHJRSRPLDUXREMĊWRĞFLSU]H-
Sá\ZDMąFHJRJD]XVWRVXMHVLĊREHFQLHNLONDSDUSU]HWZRUQLNyZSLH]RHOHNWU\F]Q\FKDQDVWĊSQLH
QDSRGVWDZLH]PLHU]RQ\FKZDUWRĞFL]HZVND]DĔREOLF]DVLĊZDUWRĞüĞUHGQLąSUĊGNRĞFL
*D]RPLHU]XOWUDGĨZLĊNRZ\GRSRPLDUXREMĊWRĞFLSU]HSá\ZXPRĪHE\üPRQWRZDQ\QD
UXURFLąJDFKZV]HURNLP]DNUHVLHĞUHGQLFRG·PP3UDFXMHZRSDUFLXR]DVDGĊSRPLDUX
F]DVX SU]HMĞFLD IDOL GĨZLĊNRZHM *D]RPLHU]H PLHU]ą SU]HSá\Z Z VWDQGDUGRZ\FK MHGQRVW-
NDFKREMĊWRĞFLOXEPDV\3RPLDUMHVWQLH]DOHĪQ\RG]PLDQWHPSHUDWXU\JĊVWRĞFLFLĞQLHQLD
LSU]HZRGQRĞFLHOHNWU\F]QHM:LHONRĞüSU]HSá\ZXMHVWZ\]QDF]DQDSRSU]H]SRPLDUUyĪQLF\
czasu
'WSU]HMĞFLDIDOLGĨZLĊNRZHMPLĊG]\VRQGDPLZNLHUXQNX]JRGQ\PLSU]HFLZQ\PGR
NLHUXQNXSU]HSá\ZXFLHF]\ĝUHGQLDZLHONRĞüF]DVXSU]HMĞFLDWMHVWPLDUąSUĊGNRĞFLGĨZLĊNX
ZRĞURGNX
=DVWRVRZDQLH WHFKQLNL F\IURZHM SU]HWZDU]DQLD V\JQDáyZ XPRĪOLZLD EDUG]R GRNáDGQ\
SRPLDUF]DVXSU]HMĞFLDIDOLXOWUDGĨZLĊNRZHMDFRVLĊ]W\PZLąĪH]DSHZQLDGRNáDGQ\SRPLDU
SU]HSá\ZX=HZ]JOĊGXQD]DVWRVRZDQąF\IURZąWHFKQLNĊREUyENLV\JQDáyZRVLąJQLĊWD]RVWDáD
Z\MąWNRZRGXĪDVWDELOQRĞüSRPLDUX
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HXOWUDGĨZLĊNRZH]DSHZQLDMąSRPLDU]GRNáDGQRĞFLąZLĊNV]ąQLĪ
DNWXDOQHM ZLHONRĞFL SU]HSá\ZX QLH SRZRGXMąF VWUDW FLĞQLHQLD *áyZQ\ OLF]QLN VXPXMąF\
XPRĪOLZLD SRGJOąG FDáNRZLWHM VXP\ SU]HSá\ZX ]DUHMHVWURZDQHM SU]H] SU]HSá\ZRPLHU] RG
PRPHQWX MHJR LQVWDODFML .DVRZDOQ\ OLF]QLN SRPRFQLF]\ MHVW OLF]QLNLHP SU]H]QDF]RQ\P
GODXĪ\WNXRSHUDWRUDLXPRĪOLZLDRQUHMHVWUDFMĊRNUHVRZ\FKZDUWRĞFLSU]HSá\ZXLPRĪQDJR
]HURZDüQLH]DOHĪQLHRGJáyZQHJROLF]QLNDVXPXMąFHJR
1D GRNáDGQRĞü SRPLDUX PRĪH PLHü ZSá\Z SUR¿O SU]HSá\ZX SRQLHZDĪ Sá\Q PD WHQ
GHQFMĊSá\QLĊFLDZROQLHMSU]\ĞFLDQNDFKUXU\QLĪZĞURGNX'RNáDGQRĞüSRPLDUXPRĪHE\ü
WDNĪH ]PQLHMV]RQD Z SU]\SDGNX JG\ SRPLDU PD PLHMVFH Z GáXJLHM SR]LRPHM UXU]H 6WR
VRZDQH UXU\ SRZLQQ\ PLHü MDN QDMPQLHM XE\WNyZ L ZĪHUyZ ZHZQĊWU]Q\FK D ]ZáD
V]F]D Z PLHMVFX JG]LH SU]HELHJDá EĊG]LH SRPLDU 'RNáDGQRĞü SRPLDUX L MDNRĞü V\JQDáX
REQLĪDVLĊGODEDUG]RPDá\FKSUĊGNRĞFLSU]HSá\ZXRNRáRPVOXEPQLHM3U]HSá\ZRPLH-
U]HZ\NRQ\ZDQHLSURMHNWRZDQHVąSU]HZDĪQLHGOD]DNUHVXSUĊGNRĞFLSU]HSá\ZXSRZ\ĪHM
·PV
: ]DNUHVLH WHPSHUDWXU\ SUDF\ F]XMQLND RG . GR . GRNáDGQRĞü SU]HSURZD-
G]DQHJRSRPLDUXQLHSRZLQQDVLĊ]PLHQLDüZLĊFHMQLĪ:\VRNLHOXEQLVNLHWHPSHUD-
WXU\PRJąXV]NRG]LüF]XMQLN-HGQDNREHFQLHZ\NRQXMHVLĊF]XMQLNLNWyUHPRJąSUDFRZDü
ZWHPSHUDWXU]HQDZHWGR.
:Sá\Z QD GRNáDGQRĞü SRPLDUX PRJą PLHü SRZVWDMąFH RVDG\ RJUDQLF]DMąFH SU]HNUyM
UXU\MDNLNRUR]MDFRPRĪHZSá\ZDüQD]ZLĊNV]HQLHEáĊGXZDUWRĞFLRGF]\WXREMĊWRĞFLSU]H-
Sá\ZX2VDG\WHPRJąWDNĪHPLHüZSá\ZQDWáXPLHQLHGĨZLĊNXLQDWĊĪHQLDV\JQDáX'RSSOHUD
7DNĪHĨUyGáDZ\VRNLHJRQDSLĊFLDIDORZQLNLOXEW\U\VWRURZHQDSĊG\W\SX'&XPLHMVFRZLRQH
Z EH]SRĞUHGQLHM EOLVNRĞFL F]XMQLND NDEOD OXE HOHNWURQLNL PRJą LQWHUIHURZDü ] V\JQDáHP
'RSSOHURZVNLP =DNáyFHQLD SRPLDUX SRZRGRZDü PRJą WDNĪH ZLEUDFMH UXU\ SRZVWDMąFH
]ZáDV]F]DZF]DVLHUHGXNFMLFLĞQLHQLDSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRJD]X0RJąE\üRQHLQWHUSUHWRZDQH
MDNR V\JQDá 'RSSOHURZVNL FR EĊG]LH VSRZRGRZDQH UXFKHP F]XMQLND QD ZLEUXMąFHM UXU]H
*D]RPLHU]HXOWUDGĨZLĊNRZHPRJąE\üPRQWRZDQHQDSLRQRZ\FKLSR]LRP\FKRGFLQNDFK
JD]RFLąJyZ : VNáDG ]HVWDZX JD]RPLHU]D ZFKRG]L SU]HWZRUQLN RUD] F]XMQLN &]XMQLNL
SRPLDURZHPRQWRZDQHVąZUXUDFKLPRFRZDQH]DSRPRFąNRáQLHU]DOXEWHĪSU]\SRPRF\
ĞUXEXQNXVDPR]DFLVNRZHJRGRZSDZDQHJRZJD]RPLHU]NUyüFD
-HĪHOLSU]HSá\ZMHVWVLOQLHWXUEXOHQWQ\DRGOHJáRĞü]DPRQWRZDQHJRJD]RPLHU]DRGF]\Q-
QLNyZSRZRGXMąF\FK]DEXU]HQLHSU]HSá\ZXMHVW]E\WPDáDPRĪQDVWRVRZDüSU]HGSXQNWHP
SRPLDURZ\PSURVWRZQLFHVWUXPLHQLD
3URGXFHQFLJD]RPLHU]\SRGDMąĪHPLQLPDOQDRGOHJáRĞüPRQWDĪXJD]RPLHU]DRGáXNX
SRZLQQD Z\QRVLü FR QDMPQLHM '1 QDWRPLDVW Z SU]\SDGNX VLOQLHMV]\FK ]DEXU]HĔ SU]H-
Sá\ZXW\SXSU]HZĊĪHQLHQDZHW'12GOHJáRĞüRGFLQNDSURVWROLQLRZHJR]DJD]RPLHU]HP
XOWUDGĨZLĊNRZ\PSRZLQQDZ\QRVLüPLQLPXP±'16]F]HJyOQąXZDJĊZF]DVLHPRQWDĪX
QDOHĪ\]ZUDFDüQDV]F]HOQRĞüSRáąF]HĔNRáQLHU]RZ\FKLJZLQWRZ\FKSRSU]H]]DVWRVRZDQLH
RGSRZLHGQLFKPDWHULDáyZXV]F]HOQLDMąF\FKWDĞP\WHÀRQRZHXV]F]HONL.DEHOF]XMQLNDQLH
SRZLQLHQOHĪHüZSREOLĪXOXEWHĪUyZQROHJOHNRáRSU]HZRGyZSU]HV\áRZ\FKSUąGRZ\FK
SRQLHZDĪEĊG]LHSRZRGRZDáRWR]DNáyFHQLDHOHNWU\F]QHOXEWHĪPRĪHGRSURZDG]LüGRXV]NR-
G]HQLDF]XMQLND3U]HWZRUQLNLVąXPLHV]F]DQHZPLHMVFXJG]LHQLHEĊGąPLDá\ZSá\ZXQD
MHJRSUDFĊZLEUDFMHXU]ąG]HQLDZ\WZDU]DMąFHFLHSáRXU]ąG]HQLDSRZRGXMąFHSRZVWDZDQLH
SRODPDJQHW\F]QHJRFKHPLNDOLDSRZRGXMąFH]QLV]F]HQLHLNRUR]MĊRUD]QLHEĊG]LHQDUDĪRQ\
QDXV]NRG]HQLDPHFKDQLF]QH
*$=20,(5=('=,$à$-Ą&(:23$5&,826,àĉ&25,2/,6$
']LDáDQLHSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DRSDUWHMHVWQD]MDZLVNXRSLVDQ\PZURNXSU]H]IUDQ-
FXVNLHJR LQĪ\QLHUD L PDWHPDW\ND *XVWDZD *DVSDUGD &RULROLVD 3ROHJD RQR QD SR]RUQ\P
]DNU]\ZLDQLXVLĊWRUXUXFKXFLDáDSRUXV]DMąFHJRVLĊZZLUXMąF\PXNáDG]LHZVSyáU]ĊGQ\FK
2GFK\OHQLHWRUXUXFKXFLDáDZWDNLPXNáDG]LH]DOHĪ\RGSUĊGNRĞFLUXFKXFLDáDLSUĊGNRĞFL
Z\QLNDMąFHM]UXFKXZLURZHJRXNáDGXRGQLHVLHQLD=MDZLVNXWHPXWRZDU]\V]\VLáDEH]ZáDG-
QRĞFLQD]\ZDQDVLáą&RULROLVD
:SU]\SDGNXSRPLDUXJD]X]LHPQHJR]DNUHVSRPLDURZ\]DOHĪQLHRGFLĞQLHQLDJD]X
JD]RPLHU]\&RULROLVDPRĪHZ\QLHĞüRNRáRW\VP
n
K
2EHFQLHSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]H&RULROLVD]QDOD]á\]DVWRVRZDQLHWDNĪHSU]\SRPLDUDFKSU]H-
Sá\ZDMąF\FKJD]yZZW\PZUR]OLF]HQLRZ\FKSRPLDUDFKJD]X]LHPQHJR3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]H
&RULROLVDGRNRQXMąSRPLDUXVWUXPLHQLDPDV\FRVWDQRZLMHGQą]LFKJáyZQ\FK]DOHW=DVDGD
G]LDáDQLDW\FKJD]RPLHU]\SRND]DQDMHVWQDU\VXQNX0DVDMHVWVSRVREHPZ\UDĪDQLDLORĞFL
PHGLXPF]ĊVWRVWRVRZDQ\PGRUR]OLF]HĔ:SU]HFLZLHĔVWZLHGRREMĊWRĞFLPDVDPHGLXPQLH
]DOHĪ\RGFLĞQLHQLDLWHPSHUDWXU\QLHMHVWZLĊFNRQLHF]QHRNUHĞODQLHZDUXQNyZRGQLHVLHQLD
GRNRQ\ZDQLHSRPLDUyZFLĞQLHQLDLWHPSHUDWXU\RUD]REOLF]HĔNRU\JXMąF\FKREMĊWRĞü
Rys. 9. =DVDGDG]LDáDQLDSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D&RULROLVD>@
=HZ]JOĊGXQDHOLPLQDFMĊF]\QQLNyZZQRV]ąF\FKEáĊG\]DVWRVRZDQLHSRPLDUXPDV\SR-
]ZDODQDSRSUDZĊGRNáDGQRĞFLELODQVRZDQLD']LĊNL]DVDG]LHSRPLDUXPRĪOLZHMHVWPLHU]HQLH
UyĪQ\FKPHGLyZ]DSRPRFąWHJRVDPHJRSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DLEUDNNRQLHF]QRĞFL]QDMRPRĞFL
URG]DMXLVNáDGXPHGLXPGODRWU]\PDQLDSRSUDZQ\FKZ\QLNyZSRPLDUX
3RZV]HFKQ\VSRVyEZ\]QDF]DQLDPDV\PHGLXPMDNLPMHVWSU]HOLF]HQLHREMĊWRĞFLQDPDVĊ
SU]\]QDQHMJĊVWRĞFLPHGLXPZ\PDJDSRPLDUXJĊVWRĞFLPHGLXP]DSRPRFąJĊVWRĞFLRPLHU]D
OXEREOLF]HQLDJĊVWRĞFLZRSDUFLXR]QDMRPRĞüMHJRVNáDGXLZDUXQNyZSRPLDUXFRVWDQRZL
GRGDWNRZHĨUyGáREáĊGyZ
=DVDGDG]LDáDQLDSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\RSLHUDVLĊQDSRPLDU]HRGNV]WDáFHQLDUXU\]Sá\QąF\P
PHGLXPZ\ZRáDQHJRSU]H]VLáĊ&RULROLVD:DUWRĞüVLá\LSRZRGRZDQHJRSU]H]QLąRGNV]WDá-
FHQLDMHVWSURSRUFMRQDOQDGRSUĊGNRĞFLUXFKXLJĊVWRĞFLPHGLXP7\PVDP\PRGNV]WDáFHQLH
UXU\]PHGLXPMHVWSURSRUFMRQDOQHGRSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRSU]H]QLąVWUXPLHQLDPDV\PHGLXP
'ODFHOyZSRPLDUXUXUD]PHGLXPZSUDZLDQDMHVWZVZRERGQHGUJDQLDVLQXVRLGDOQHNWyU\FK
F]ĊVWRĞüZ\QLND]F]ĊVWRĞFLGUJDĔZáDVQ\FKXNáDGXPDVRZRVSUĊĪ\VWHJRSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D
WMUXU\Z\SHáQLRQHMPHGLXP:SUDNW\FHF]ĊVWRĞüGUJDĔUXU\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DZ\QRVLRG
NLONXG]LHVLĊFLXGRNLONXW\VLĊF\+]]DOHĪQLHRGPRGHOXLJĊVWRĞFLPHGLXPDLFKDPSOLWXGD
QLHSU]HNUDF]D]Z\NOHG]LHVLąW\FKPLOLPHWUD
:F]DVLHSU]HSá\ZXPHGLXPVLáD&RULROLVDG]LDáDMąFQDGUJDMąFąUXUĊSRZRGXMHMHMRG-
NV]WDáFHQLH2GNV]WDáFHQLHUXU\MHVWPLHU]RQHMDNRSU]HVXQLĊFLHID]RZHGUJDĔSU]H]QLHUXFKRPH
Z]JOĊGHPGUJDMąFHMUXU\FHZNLHOHNWURPDJQHW\F]QHUHMHVWUXMąFH]PLDQ\SRODPDJQHW\F]QHJR
RGPDJQHVyZQDNOHMRQ\FKQDUXUĊSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D3U]HVXQLĊFLHID]RZHV\JQDáyZFHZHN
MHVWSURSRUFMRQDOQHGRRGNV]WDáFHQLDUXU\SRZRGRZDQHJRSU]H]VWUXPLHĔPDV\PHGLXP0DVD
SU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRPHGLXPMHVWZ\OLF]DQDZZ\QLNXFDáNRZDQLDZ\GDWNXSRF]DVLH=PLDQD
NLHUXQNX SU]HSá\ZX SRZRGXMH ]PLDQĊ NLHUXQNX RGNV]WDáFHQLD UXU\ FR SR]ZDOD RNUHĞOLü
NLHUXQHNSU]HSá\ZXPHGLXP&]ĊVWRĞüGUJDĔUXU\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D&RULROLVDZ\SHáQLRQHM
PHGLXPMHVWRGZURWQLHSURSRUFMRQDOQDGRJĊVWRĞFLPHGLXP3RPLDUJĊVWRĞFLPHGLXPPRĪH
E\üUHDOL]RZDQ\SU]H]SU]HWZRUQLNSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DMDNRRSFMD
3RPLDU JĊVWRĞFL MHVW VWRVRZDQ\ PLĊG]\ LQQ\PL GR FHOyZ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK QS ĞOH-
G]HQLD]PLDQMDNRĞFLPHGLXPQS]PLDQ\JDWXQNXWUDQVSRUWRZDQHMURS\FRMHVWPRĪOLZH]H
Z]JOĊGXQDGRNáDGQRĞüSRPLDUXU]ĊGXG]LHVLąW\FKNJP
1DF]ĊVWRWOLZRĞüGUJDĔZáDVQ\FK
SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D PD ZSá\Z V]W\ZQRĞü MHJR UXU\ 5R]V]HU]DOQRĞü FLHSOQD UXU\ SRZRGXMH
]PLDQ\ MHM V]W\ZQRĞFL 8NáDG NRPSHQVDFML W\FK ]PLDQ Z\NRU]\VWXMH ]LQWHJURZDQ\ ] UXUą
F]XMQLNWHPSHUDWXU\
*áyZQą]DOHWąSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\&RULROLVDMHVWLFKZ\VRNDGRNáDGQRĞüGRFKRG]ąFDGR
PDV\GODJD]yZNLONDG]LHVLąW\FKSURFHQWDZ\VRNDSRZWDU]DOQRĞüLV]HURNL]DNUHV
SRPLDUXQDWĊĪHQLDSU]HSá\ZX
,VWQLHMHPRĪOLZRĞüGRNRQ\ZDQLDSRPLDUyZZREXNLHUXQNDFK]]DFKRZDQLHP]ZURWX
WMSUDZLGáRZHJR]OLF]DQLDZ\GDZDQLDLSU]\MPRZDQLDPHGLXPFRQLHMHVWPRĪOLZHZSU]\-
SDGNXZLHOXW\SyZSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\QS]ZĊĪHNSRPLDURZ\FKWXUELQLSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\
ZLURZ\FK%UDNZ\PDJDĔFRGRSUR¿OXSU]HSá\ZXPHGLXPVSUDZLDĪHSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]H
&RULROLVDPRJąE\üVWRVRZDQHEH]RGFLQNyZSURVW\FKSU]HGL]DSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]HPRUD]
SURVWRZQLFVWUXPLHQLDFRREQLĪDNRV]WLVWDQRZLXáDWZLHQLHLFK]DEXGRZ\']LĊNLEUDNRZL
EH]ZáDGQRĞFLLDV\PHWULLHOHPHQWXSRPLDURZHJRZ]JOĊGHPNLHUXQNXSU]HSá\ZXSU]HSá\ZR-
PLHU]HPDVRZHUDG]ąVRELHGREU]H]SU]HSá\ZHPSXOVXMąF\PMHĪHOLF]ĊVWRWOLZRĞüSXOVDFMLMHVW
QLVNDZSRUyZQDQLX]F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFLąGUJDĔUXU\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DFRMHVWQDRJyáVSHáQLRQH
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]H &RULROLVD GREU]H VSUDZG]DMą VLĊ Z GR]RZDQLX JG]LH Z\VWĊSXMą NUyWNLH
RNUHV\RGPLHU]DQLDGDZNL-HVWWRLVWRWQH]ZáDV]F]DZSU]\SDGNXPHGLyZJD]RZ\FKNWyUH
]HZ]JOĊGXQDQLHZLHONąOHSNRĞüVWDZLDMąWXV]F]HJyOQLHWUXGQHZ\PDJDQLD
2JUDQLF]HQLDZVWRVRZDQLXSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\&RULROLVDZ\QLNDMą]WUXGQRĞFLZEXGR-
ZLH SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D GOD GXĪ\FK SU]HSá\ZyZ Z\QLNDMąF\FK ] SU]\F]\Q NRQVWUXNF\MQ\FK
DNRQNUHWQLH]Z\NáDGQLF]HJRZ]URVWXV]W\ZQRĞFLUXU\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DL]QDF]QHJRSU]\UR-
VWXMHJRUR]PLDUyZZUD]]HĞUHGQLFąUXU\=WHJRSRZRGXQLHVSRW\NDVLĊSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\
R ĞUHGQLF\ ZLĊNV]HM QLĪ FDOL PP 'REU]H GREUDQ\ GR ZDUXQNyZ HNVSORDWDFML
SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]PDVRZ\&RULROLVDIXQNFMRQXMHEH]REVáXJRZRSU]H]ZLHOHODW]DSHZQLDMąF
Z\VRNąGRNáDGQRĞüSRPLDUX']LHMHVLĊWDNG]LĊNLEUDNRZLF]ĊĞFLPHFKDQLF]Q\FKXOHJDMąF\FK
]XĪ\FLXRUD]UXUHNLPSXOVRZ\FKZ\PDJDMąF\FKRGSRZLHWU]DQLDOXEVSXV]F]DQLDNRQGHQVDWX
:QLHNWyU\FKDSOLNDFMDFKRJUDQLF]HQLHPZVWRVRZDQLXSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\PDVRZ\FKPRJą
E\ü]QDF]QHVSDGNLFLĞQLHQLDSU]HSá\ZXLU\]\NRĞFLHUDQLDSRZLHU]FKQLZHZQĊWU]QHMUXU\
SRPLDURZHMSU]H]GURELQ\FLDáVWDá\FKZPHGLXPSU]\Z\VRNLFKSUĊGNRĞFLDFKSU]HSá\ZX
6SRVREHPRJUDQLF]DQLDWHJRSUREOHPXPRĪHE\üSU]HZ\PLDURZDQLHSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DNWyUH
SU]\GXĪ\P]DNUHVLHQDZHWQDRJyáQLHVWDQRZLSUREOHPX
:SU]\SDGNXSRPLDUXJG]LHPRĪOLZHMHVWRGNáDGDQLHVLĊZUXU]HSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D]D-
QLHF]\V]F]HĔREHFQ\FKZPHGLXPOHSV]HPRJąRND]DüVLĊSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]H&RULROLVD]SURVWą
UXUą3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]]SURVWąUXUąáDWZRSRGGDüNRQWUROLLRF]\ĞFLü-HVWWRPRĪOLZHUyZQLHĪ
QDLQVWDODFMLSR]DEXGRZLH]]DZUDFDQLHPNLHUXQNXSU]HSá\ZXLGZRPDWUyMQLNDPL
5R]ZLą]DQLH]SURVWąUXUąFHFKXMHVLĊQLVNLPLVSDGNDPLFLĞQLHQLDSRUyZQ\ZDOQ\PL
GRVSDGNyZGODUXURFLąJXRĞUHGQLF\UXU\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D=HZ]JOĊGyZNRQVWUXNF\MQ\FK
Z]URVWV]W\ZQRĞFLUXU\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]H]SURVWąUXUąZ\VWĊSXMąGODĞUHGQLFQLHZLĊNV]\FK
QLĪFDOH
0LQLPDOQHZ\PDJDQLDRGQRĞQLHZDUXQNyZ]DEXGRZ\VSUDZLDMąĪHSRUyZQXMąFNRV]W\
SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\&RULROLVDLQSSRPLDUyZRSDUW\FKQDVSDGNXFLĞQLHQLDOXEXOWUDGĨZLĊNR-
Z\FKQDOHĪ\XZ]JOĊGQLüQLHW\ONRFHQĊ]DNXSXSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DDOHUyZQLHĪEUDNSRWU]HE\
]DSHZQLHQLDNRPSHQVDFMLWHPSHUDWXU\LFLĞQLHQLDRGFLQNyZGRSá\ZRZHJRLRGSá\ZRZHJR
RUD]SU]HOLF]QLND
3R]\FMD SUDF\ SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\ &RULROLVD MHVW GRELHUDQD Z ]DOHĪQRĞFL RG PHGLXP
&]ĊVWRZ\ELHUDVLĊMą]XZ]JOĊGQLHQLHPWDNLFKZ\PDJDĔGRGDWNRZ\FKMDNVDPRRSUyĪQLDQLH
VLĊUXU\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DVWDáHZ\SHáQLHQLHSU]H]PHGLXP]DSRELHJDQLHJURPDG]HQLXVLĊ
NRQGHQVDWXPHGLDJD]RZHOXESDULJD]yZPHGLDFLHNáH
3R]DDSOLNDFMDPLQLHW\SRZ\PLZNWyU\FKPRJąZ\VWĊSRZDüSURFHV\SRNU\ZDQLDĞFLDQHN
SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DSU]H]PHGLXPQLHVąZ\PDJDQHĪDGQHF]\QQRĞFLREVáXJRZH
=DNáyFHQLD Z SUDF\ SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D PRJą E\ü SRZRGRZDQH SU]H] GUJDQLD LQVWDOD-
FML 3U]HFLZG]LDáD VLĊ LP NRQVWUXNF\MQLH SRSU]H] VWRVRZDQLH QS GZyFK UXU SRPLDURZ\FK
GUJDMąF\FK Z SU]HFLZID]LH NWyUH Z]DMHPQLH NRPSHQVXMą ZSá\Z GUJDĔ ]HZQĊWU]Q\FK QD
SU]HSá\ZRPLHU],QQ\PVSRVREHPMHVW]DVWRVRZDQLHXNáDGXWáXPLHQLDGUJDĔRVáDELDMąFHJR
ZSá\ZGUJDĔ]HZQĊWU]Q\FKF]\WHĪHOHPHQWXRGQLHVLHQLDNWyU\GUJDSRGZSá\ZHPGUJDĔ
]HZQĊWU]Q\FK L MHVW Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\ GR LFK NRPSHQVDFML 6WRVRZDQH Vą UyZQLHĪ F\IURZH
WHFKQLNL¿OWUDFML]DNáyFHĔUyZQLHĪSRFKRG]ąF\FKRGV]XPyZLSXOVDFMLSU]HSá\ZX
3RWHQFMDOQ\P ĨUyGáHP ]DNáyFHĔ SRPLDUX SU]HSá\ZX PRJą E\ü Z]GáXĪQH QDSUĊĪHQLD
UXURFLąJXQSWHUPLF]QHOXEZ\QLNDMąFH]EUDNXRVLRZRĞFLUXURFLąJX±SU]HQRV]ąFHVLĊQD
UXUĊSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D3U]HFLZG]LDáDVLĊLPNRQVWUXNF\MQLHSRSU]H]]DSURMHNWRZDQLHSU]H-
Sá\ZRPLHU]DZVSRVyERGFLąĪDMąF\UXUĊSRPLDURZą2GSRUQRĞüQD]DNáyFHQLDVWDQRZLGOD
ZLHOX SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\ L LFK XĪ\WNRZQLNyZ QDMWUXGQLHMV]ą SUyEĊ .áRSRWOLZH E\ZD SRMD
ZLDQLHVLĊSU]HSá\ZXGZXID]RZHJRZSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]X0RĪHWDNG]LDüVLĊZZ\QLNXVSDG-
NyZFLĞQLHQLDOXEZ]URVWXWHPSHUDWXU\PHGLXPSURZDG]ąF\FKGR]PLDQ\MHJRVNáDGXID]R
ZHJR-HĪHOLZREMĊWRĞFLFLHNáHJRPHGLXPSRMDZLDMąVLĊSĊFKHU]\NLSDUXZLĊ]LRQHZPHGLXP
OXE FLDáD VWDáH Z SRVWDFL ]DZLHVLQ\ QLH PXVL WR SRZRGRZDü EáĊGyZ SRPLDUX 3RMDZLHQLH
VLĊ GXĪ\FK SĊFKHU]\ OXE NRUNyZ JD]RZ\FK SURZDG]L GR SUREOHPyZ ] SRPLDUHP MHGQDN
GREU\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]MHVWZVWDQLHSRZUyFLüGRQRUPDOQHJRG]LDáDQLDSR]DQLNXNRUNDJD]R
ZHJR
: ]DVWRVRZDQLDFK SUDNW\F]Q\FK PRJą E\ü XĪ\ZDQH UyĪQH XNáDG\ UXU GUJDMąF\FK
U\V
*$=20,(5=(237<&=1(
=DVDGDG]LDáDQLDJD]RPLHU]\RSW\F]Q\FKRSLHUDVLĊQDGZXRJQLVNRZ\PODVHU]HU\V
0DOXWNLHF]ąVWHF]NLZFKRG]ąFHZVNáDGJD]XLJD]yZSU]HP\VáRZ\FKSU]HSá\ZDMąSU]H]GZD
SURPLHQLHODVHUDVNXSLRQHZUXU]H]DSRPRFąRĞZLHWORQHMVRF]HZNLĝZLDWáRODVHUD]RVWDMH
UR]SURV]RQHNLHG\MDNDĞF]ąVWHF]NDSU]HQLNQLHSU]H]ĞZLDWáRODVHUD:\F]XORQHQDĞZLDWáR
SURPLHQLH JURPDG]ą UR]SURV]RQH ĞZLDWáR QD IRWRGHWHNWRU]H 3 NWyU\ WR JHQHUXMH V\JQDá
SXOVDF\MQ\-HĪHOLGDQDF]ąVWHF]NDSU]HWQLHĞZLDWáRGUXJLHJRODVHUDZ\F]XORQHQDĞZLDWáR
SURPLHQLH JURPDG]ą UR]SURV]RQH ĞZLDWáR QD GUXJLP IRWRGHWHNWRU]H 3 NWyU\ SU]HWZDU]D
SU]\FKRG]ąFHĞZLDWáRQDGUXJLLPSXOVHOHNWU\F]Q\0LHU]ąFF]DVSRPLĊG]\W\PLLPSXOVDPL
IJRNUHĞODVLĊSUĊGNRĞüJD]X
Rys. 11. =DVDGDG]LDáDQLDJD]RPLHU]DRSW\F]QHJR>@
Rys. 10. 5yĪQHXNáDG\UXUGUJDMąF\FKZJD]RPLHU]DFK&RULROLVD>@
851
*D]RPLHU]H RSW\F]QH Vą ]D]Z\F]DM WHVWRZDQH SRG FLĞQLHQLHP GR EDUyZ MHVW WR
Z\PDJDQHDE\PLHUQLNLPRJá\E\üVWRVRZDQHZW\SRZ\FKJD]RFLąJDFK&LĞQLHQLHPRĪQD
]ZLĊNV]\ü GR EDUyZ MHĪHOL ]RVWDQą ]DLQVWDORZDQH V]D¿URZH VRF]HZNL:HUVMD JD]R-
PLHU]D RSW\F]QHJR XĪ\ZDQD Z QLVNLFK WHPSHUDWXUDFK G]LDáD GR & 7HPSHUDWXUD MHVW
RJUDQLF]RQDSRSU]H]NOHMVáXĪąF\GRáąF]HQLDF]ĊĞFLVNáDGRZ\FKĞZLDWáRZRGX:HUVMD
JD]RPLHU]DRSW\F]QHJRG]LDáDMąFDZZ\VRNLFKWHPSHUDWXUDFKGR&]DZLHUDRGG]LHOQH
F]ĊĞFLVNáDGRZH]ZáyNQDSRNU\WHSROLDPLGRZąL]RODFMą7HPSHUDWXUĊPRĪQD]ZLĊNV]\üGR
&MHĪHOL]RVWDQąXĪ\WHNZDUFRZHVRF]HZNLLVSHFMDOQDL]RODFMDZáyNLHQ
35=(3à<:20,(5=(7(50,&=1(
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HWHUPLF]QH]ZDQHWHĪWHUPRPHWU\F]Q\PLFLHSOQ\PLOXENDORU\PHWU\F]-
Q\PLVąVWRVRZDQHJáyZQLHGREH]SRĞUHGQLHJRSRPLDUXVWUXPLHQLDPDV\F]\VW\FKVXFK\FK
JD]yZNRQVWUXNFMHGODFLHF]\VSRW\NDVLĊU]DGNR
6\JQDá Z\MĞFLRZ\ SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\ WHUPLF]Q\FK SRGREQLH MDN Z SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DFK
&RULROLVDMHVWIXQNFMąVWUXPLHQLDPDV\LQLHZ\PDJDZSURZDG]DQLDSRSUDZHNRGZSá\ZX
FLĞQLHQLDLWHPSHUDWXU\3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HWHUPLF]QHVą]QDF]QLHSURVWV]HWDĔV]HQLĪJD-
]RPLHU]H&RULROLVDDOH]DUD]HPPQLHMGRNáDGQH±FRMHGQDNZZLHOXSU]\SDGNDFKQLHPD
ZLĊNV]HJR]QDF]HQLD
=DNUHVGODSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\WHUPLF]Q\FKNDSLODUQ\FKZ\QRVLGRNJKSU]\]DNUH-
VRZRĞFLLQLHSHZQRĞFLZJUDQLFDFKZDUWRĞFLDNWXDOQHMVWUXPLHQLDPDV\JyUQD
JUDQLFD]DNUHVXSRPLDURZHJRGRZDUWRĞFLDNWXDOQHMGROQDJUDQLFD]DNUHVX
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HZSRVWDFLZVWDZNLGRUXURFLąJXGR'
n
PDMą]DNUHV\RGGF
NJKSU]\QLHSHZQRĞFLZDUWRĞFLPLHU]RQHMU\V
5\V*D]RPLHU]WHUPLF]Q\ZIRUPLHZVWDZNLUXURZHMDRVWDáHMPRF\
ERVWDáHMUyĪQLF\WHPSHUDWXU>@
585.,63,ĉ75=$-Ą&(
5XUNLVSLĊWU]DMąFHVáXĪąGRSRPLDUXSUĊGNRĞFLORNDOQHMSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRJD]XOXEFLHF]\
3RPLDUWHQMHVWRSDUW\QDSRPLDU]HFLĞQLHQLDG\QDPLF]QHJRSU]HSá\ZDMąFHJRF]\QQLND=QDMąF
ZDUWRĞüFLĞQLHQLDG\QDPLF]QHJRPRĪQDZ\]QDF]\üSUĊGNRĞüSU]HSá\ZX
5XUNL VSLĊWU]DMąFH Z SRVWDFL WUDG\F\MQHM MDNR UXUNL 3LWRWD3UDQGWOD QLH ]QDOD]á\
ZSU]HP\ĞOHV]HURNLHJR]DVWRVRZDQLDGRSRPLDUXSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP]HZ]JOĊGXQDQLHZLHONą
GRNáDGQRĞü: LQQ\ VSRVyE Z\NRU]\VWDQR MH GR SRPLDUX SU]HSá\ZX FLHF]\ JD]yZ L SDU\
w czujniku o nazwie
$QQXEDUQSZSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DFK.%DU3UR%DU0DVV3UR%DU Delta-
VHW'33LLQ&]XMQLNLHPW\PMHVWUXUNDZNWyUHMQDSU]HFLZOHJá\FKĞFLDQNDFKZ\NRQDQR
NLONDRWZRUyZUR]G]LHORQDĞFLDQNąZ]GáXĪWDNĪHSRZVWDMąZQLHMGZLHNRPRU\5XUNDWDND
MHVWXPLHV]F]RQDZVWUXPLHQLXJD]XOXEFLHF]\ZUXURFLąJXZWDNLVSRVyEĪHOLQLHáąF]ąFH
RWZRU\ZUXUFHSRPLDURZHMVąUyZQROHJáHGRRVLVWUXPLHQLDF]\OLGRRVLUXURFLąJX3U]\
WDNLP XVWDZLHQLX QD RWZRU\ ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ UXUNL SRPLDURZHM G]LDáD FLĞQLHQLH VWDW\F]QH
SRGZ\ĪV]RQHRFLĞQLHQLHG\QDPLF]QHLDQDRWZyURGVWURQ\SU]HFLZQHMFLĞQLHQLHVWDW\F]QH
SRPQLHMV]RQHRVSDGHNFLĞQLHQLDQDUXUFH&LĞQLHQLDMDNLHXVWDOąVLĊZREXNRPRUDFKUXUNL
SRPLDURZHMEĊGąUyĪQHDLFKUyĪQLFDEĊG]LHZ\SDGNRZąFLĞQLHĔG\QDPLF]Q\FKLUyĪQLF\
FLĞQLHĔVWDW\F]Q\FKG]LDáDMąF\FKQDRWZRU\SRREXVWURQDFKUXUNL5yĪQLFDFLĞQLHĔPLĊG]\
REXNRPRUDPLMHVWIXQNFMąSUĊGNRĞFLSU]HSá\ZX
=DOHWą F]XMQLNyZ W\SX $QQXEDU MHVW QLHZLHONL VSDGHN FLĞQLHQLD L VWRVXQNRZR QLVNLH
NRV]W\LQVWDODFMLV]F]HJyOQLHZLGRF]QHSU]\GXĪ\FKĞUHGQLFDFKUXURFLąJyZ:Z\NRQDQLX
VWDQGDUGRZ\PVąRIHURZDQHF]XMQLNLGRLQVWDODFMLZUXURFLąJDFKRĞUHGQLFDFKGRRN
PPDZZ\NRQDQLDFKVSHFMDOQ\FKQDZHWGRPHWUyZ1LHGRNáDGQRĞüSRPLDUXZ\QRVLZJ
NDWDORJyZ¿UPRZ\FKRNLQLHZąWSOLZLH]RVWDáDRVLąJQLĊWDGURJąGáXJLFKEDGDĔGRERUX
LORĞFLUR]PLHV]F]HQLDURG]DMXLZHZQĊWU]Q\FKSRáąF]HĔPLĊG]\RWZRUNDPLZUXUFHSRPLD-
URZHMDWDNĪHZ\PLDUyZLVSRVREXLQVWDODFMLVDPHMUXUNL)LUP\WDNLHMDN'LHWHULFK6WDQGDUG
0REUH\(PHUFRQ(QGUHVV+DXVHURSUDFRZDá\LRSDWHQWRZDá\NRQVWUXNFMĊEH]SRĞUHGQLHJR
HOHPHQWX SRPLDURZHJR WDN DE\ ]PLQLPDOL]RZDü ZV]HONLH ]DNáyFHQLD L RSRU\ SU]HSá\ZX
>ZZZPREUH\FRPSOZZZDXWRPDWL]DWLRQUX@
35=(3à<:20,(5=(:,52:(
=DVDGDG]LDáDQLDSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\ZLURZ\FKRSLHUDVLĊQD]MDZLVNXW]ZĞFLHĪNLZLURZHM
.DUPDQD*G\PHGLXPQDWUD¿DQDSU]HV]NRGĊZDOFRZąOXELQQHJRNV]WDáWXVWUXJDUR]G]LHOD
VLĊD]REXVWURQSU]HV]NRG\QDVWĊSXMHRGHUZDQLHZDUVWZ\SU]\ĞFLHQQHMLWZRU]ąVLĊZLU\
SRZRGXMąFHORNDOQH]DEXU]HQLDFLĞQLHQLDVWDW\F]QHJRZ\NU\ZDQHSU]H]VSHFMDOQ\F]XMQLN
&]ĊVWRWOLZRĞü JHQHUDFML ]DZLURZDĔ
f MHVWZSURVWSURSRUFMRQDOQDGRSUĊGNRĞFLSU]HSá\ZX
:DUWRĞüV\JQDáXZ\MĞFLRZHJRSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D]DOHĪ\RGZVSyáF]\QQLND
KNWyU\ZLąĪH
]H VREą F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞü JHQHUDFML ZLUyZ ] SUĊGNRĞFLą SU]HSá\ZX FLHF]\:]yU QD SUĊGNRĞü
SU]HSá\ZXPDQDVWĊSXMąFąSRVWDü
: .ǜI
:F]DVLHSRPLDUyZQDOHĪ\XQLNDüNDZLWDFMLF]\OLXZDOQLDQLDVLĊSDU\]FLHF]\2VLąJ-
QLĊFLHWDNLFKZDUXQNyZSU]HSá\ZXX]\VNXMHVLĊG]LĊNLVWRVRZDQLXRGSRZLHGQLHJR]DNUHVX
SUDF\SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DLRGSRZLHGQLR]DSURMHNWRZDQHPXXNáDGRZLSRPLDURZHPX
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]\ZLURZHW\SX9RUWH[OXE3URZLUO5RVHPRXQW]DSHZQLDMąV]HURNą
JDPĊPRĪOLZRĞFL]DVWRVRZDĔ6WDQGDUGRZ\]HVWDZPLHU]\SU]HSá\Z\FLHF]\JD]yZLSDU\
GODZV]\VWNLFKRIHURZDQ\FKĞUHGQLFUXURFLąJyZ]PRĪOLZRĞFLą]PLDQ\]DNUHVXZVWRVXQNX
7D VDPD HOHNWURQLND VSU]ĊĪRQD ] F]XMQLNLHP Z Z\NRQDQLX Z\VRNRWHPSHUDWXURZ\P
]ZLĊNV]D VWDQGDUGRZ\ ]DNUHV WHPSHUDWXU SUDF\ RG ± GR & 8NáDG SRPLDURZ\
SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D ]DZLHUD WU]SLHĔ NWyU\ VSHáQLD UROĊ SU]HV]NRG\ Z VWUXPLHQLX SU]HSá\ZX
7ZRU]HQLHVLĊ]DZLURZDĔ]DWU]SLHQLHPSRZRGXMHSRZVWDZDQLH]PLHQQHJRFLĞQLHQLDG]LD-
áDMąFHJRQDSU]HJURGĊ7RSRZRGXMHUXFKJLĊWNLHJRIUDJPHQWXSU]HVáRQ\]F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFLą
UyZQą F]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFL WZRU]HQLD VLĊ ]DZLURZDĔ =DVDGD SUDF\ SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D ZLURZHJR
SRND]DQDMHVWQDU\VXQNX
Rys. 13. =DVDGDG]LDáDQLDSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]DZLURZHJR9257(;>@
6Lá\VNUĊFDMąFHSRZVWDMąFHZF]ĊĞFLXOHJDMąFHMRGNV]WDáFHQLXSU]HQRV]RQHVąGRF]XM-
QLND PLHV]F]ąFHJR VLĊ SR]D VWUXPLHQLHP SU]HSá\ZDMąFHJR PHGLXP QD VNXWHN UHDNFML RVL
(OHPHQWSLH]RHOHNWU\F]Q\ZHZQąWU]F]XMQLNDZ\F]XZDQLH]QDF]QHGUJDQLDJHQHUXMHV\JQDá
HOHNWU\F]Q\QDSLĊFLRZ\LSU]HV\áDJRGRXNáDGXF]ĊVWRWOLZRĞFLRZHJRJG]LHMHVW]DPLHQLDQ\
QDV\JQDáZ\MĞFLRZ\SURSRUFMRQDOQ\GRZDUWRĞFLSU]HSá\ZXREMĊWRĞFLRZHJR
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]Z\NRU]\VWXMHWHVDPHXNáDG\HOHNWURQLF]QHGRSRPLDUyZZV]\VWNLFK
PHGLyZ L ĞUHGQLF UXU ,QIRUPDFMH PRJą E\ü SU]HVáDQH SU]\ XĪ\FLX V\JQDáX DQDORJRZHJR
· P$ F\IURZHJR SURWRNRáX +$57 L GRGDWNRZHJR RSFMRQDOQHJR Z\MĞFLD LPSXOVRZH-
JR ,VWQLHMH WHĪ PRĪOLZRĞü PRQWDĪX GRGDWNRZHJR ZVNDĨQLND FLHNáRNU\VWDOLF]QHJR &]ĊĞü
HOHNWURQLF]QDRGELHUDV\JQDá]F]XMQLNDSLH]RHOHNWU\F]QHJR]DPLHQLDJRQDSRVWDüF\IURZą
LSU]HV\áDGRF\IURZ\FK¿OWUyZVWURMRQ\FKG\QDPLF]QLHNDOLEUXMąF\FKV\JQDáSRPLDURZ\
.RPXQLNDWRU+$57OXENDĪG\LQQ\V\VWHP]DU]ąG]DMąF\SRVáXJXMąF\VLĊSURWRNRáHP+$57
PDGRVWĊSEH]SRĞUHGQLGRV\JQDáX]F]XMQLNDZSRVWDFLF\IURZHMSRPLMDMąFHWDSNRQZHUVML
F\IURZRDQDORJRZHMZFHOXZLĊNV]HMGRNáDGQRĞFL'RGDWNRZ\ZVNDĨQLNFLHNáRNU\VWDOLF]Q\
PRĪH Z\ĞZLHWODü Z SRVWDFL F\IURZHM DNWXDOQą ZDUWRĞü SU]HSá\ZX ZDUWRĞü SUąGX Z\MĞFLD
DQDORJRZHJRZDUWRĞüSU]HSá\ZX]VXPRZDQHJR>ZZZDXWRPDWL]DWLRQUX@
35=(3à<:20,(5=(,1'8.&<-1((/(.7520$*1(7<&=1(
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HLQGXNF\MQHVáXĪąGRSRPLDUyZVWUXPLHQLDFLHF]\SU]HZRG]ąF\FK0RJą
E\üVWRVRZDQHGRFLHF]\RQLHRNUHĞORQHMNRQV\VWHQFMLVLOQLH]DQLHF]\V]F]RQ\FKRGRZROQHM
OHSNRĞFLLJĊVWRĞFL0RJąWHĪE\üVWRVRZDQHZSU]\SDGNXPLHV]DQLQ±FLHF]±FLDáRVWDáHMDN
QSZRGD]SLDVNLHPZRGD]PLDáHPZĊJORZ\PLWS3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HLQGXNF\MQHU\V
PRJąZLĊFE\üVWRVRZDQHJG\]DZRG]ąSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]H]ZĊĪNRZH
Rys. 14. 3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]PDJQHWRLQGXNF\MQ\
RIHURZDQ\SU]H]¿UPĊ(/67(5.HQW0HWHULQJ>@
:SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]XLQGXNF\MQ\PL]RORZDQ\HOHNWU\F]QLHRGFLQHNUXU\SU]H]NWyU\Sá\QLH
FLHF]SU]HZRG]ąFD]QDMGXMHVLĊZSROXPDJQHW\F]Q\PSURVWRSDGá\PGRRVLUXU\:HZQąWU]
UXU\QDMHMREZRG]LHQDOLQLLSURVWRSDGáHMGRNLHUXQNXSRODPDJQHW\F]QHJRXPLHV]F]RQHVą
GZLHHOHNWURG\5XFKFLHF]\SU]HZRG]ąFHMZSROXPDJQHW\F]Q\PGDMHHIHNWWDNLVDPMDN
UXFKSU]HZRGQLNDZW\PSROXQDHOHNWURGDFKSRZVWDMHQDSLĊFLH
3ROH PDJQHW\F]QH Z]EXG]DMąFH PRĪH E\ü VWDáH OXE SU]HPLHQQH 3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]H
Z]EXG]DQHSROHPVWDá\PPRJąE\üXĪ\ZDQHMHG\QLHGRSRPLDUXSU]HSá\ZXUR]WRSLRQ\FK
PHWDOL%RZLHPZHOHNWUROLWDFKSRGZSá\ZHPSRODVWDáHJR]DFKRG]L]MDZLVNRSRODU\]DFML
]QLHNV]WDáFDMąFHZ\QLNLSRPLDUyZ3U]\Z]EXG]DQLXSROHPSU]HPLHQQ\P]MDZLVNRSRODU\]DFML
QLHZ\VWĊSXMHDOHSRZVWDMHZWHG\QDVNXWHNVSU]ĊĪHĔPDJQHW\F]Q\FKREZRGXZ\MĞFLRZHJR
]REZRGHPZ]EXG]HQLDQDSLĊFLHELHUQH1DSLĊFLHELHUQHMHVWSU]HVXQLĊWHZID]LHZ]JOĊGHP
QDSLĊFLDXĪ\WHF]QHJRR
3RPLDU QDSLĊFLD QD HOHNWURGDFK MHVW ]ZLą]DQ\ ] V]HUHJLHP WUXGQRĞFL -HVW WR ERZLHP
QDSLĊFLH R QLHZLHONLHM ZDUWRĞFL RG NLONX GR NLONXQDVWX PLOLZROWyZ RWU]\PDQH ]H ĨUyGáD
RGXĪHMUH]\VWDQFMLZHZQĊWU]QHM1DRJyáHOHNWURPDJQHV\Z]EXG]DMąFHVą]DVLODQHQDSLĊFLHP
]VLHFLDZLĊFRWU]\P\ZDQ\V\JQDáPDF]ĊVWRWOLZRĞüVLHFLFRGRGDWNRZRXWUXGQLDMHJRREUyENĊ
L]DEH]SLHF]HQLHSU]HG]DNáyFHQLDPLVLHFLRZ\PL:V]\VWNLHZ\PLHQLRQHF]\QQLNLVSUDZLDMą
ĪHSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]HLQGXNF\MQHFLąJOHVąSU]HGPLRWHPSUDFWHRUHW\F]Q\FKLNRQVWUXNF\MQ\FK
PDMąF\FKQDFHOXSRSUDZĊLFKSDUDPHWUyZWHFKQLF]Q\FK
855
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]H LQGXNF\MQH VWRVXMH VLĊ GR SRPLDUX QDWĊĪHQLD SU]HSá\ZX Z ]DNUHVLH
·P
/h
]GRNáDGQRĞFLąU]ĊGX·3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HWHVąSURVWHZHNVSOR-
DWDFMLQLHZSURZDG]DMąGRGDWNRZ\FKVSDGNyZFLĞQLHQLDZSU]HZRGDFKJD]RZ\FK>ZZZ
DXWRPDWL]DWLRQUX@
32'6802:$1,(
:QLQLHMV]\PDUW\NXOHDXWRU]\GRNRQDOLV]F]HJyáRZHMFKDUDNWHU\VW\NLUyĪQ\FKW\SyZ
SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\VWRVRZDQ\FKGRSRPLDUXLORĞFLRZHJRJD]XMDNWH]LQQ\FKSá\QyZ
1DOHĪ\ SDPLĊWDü ĪH SU]\ Z\ERU]H SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]D QDOHĪ\ NLHURZDü VLĊ QLH W\ONR
]DNUHVHPSRPLDURZ\PDOHWDNĪHLSHZQ\PLVSHF\¿F]Q\PLFHFKDPLNWyUHPRJąE\üMHJR
]DOHWąOXEZDGą
1D SRGVWDZLH VWXGLyZ OLWHUDWXU\ ] ]DNUHVX VWRVRZDQLD SU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\ DXWRU]\
Z WDEHOL ]HVWDZLOL SR]\W\ZQH L QHJDW\ZQH FHFK\ QDMF]ĊĞFLHM VWRVRZDQ\FK SU]HSá\ZR
PLHU]\
Tabela 6
=HVWDZLHQLH]DOHWLZDGUyĪQ\FKW\SyZSU]HSá\ZRPLHU]\>]HVWDZLHQLHDXWRUyZ@
3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]
Zalety
Wady
=ZĊĪNRZ\
± SURVWRWDNRQVWUXNFML
± PRQWDĪQDJD]RFLąJDFK
Z\VRNLHJRFLĞQLHQLD
± PDá\]DNUHVSRPLDUX
± GáXJLSURVW\RGFLQHN'·'
± F]Xá\QD]PLDQĊUR]NáDGX
SUĊGNRĞFL
± GXĪ\VSDGHNFLĞQLHQLD
Rotorowy
± EUDNRGFLQNDSURVWHJRSU]HG
gazomierzem
± EH]SRĞUHGQLSRPLDUREMĊWRĞFL
± QLHF]Xá\QD]PLDQĊUR]NáDGX
SUĊGNRĞFL
± GXĪ\]DNUHVSRPLDUX
± ZUDĪOLZRĞüQD]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLD
LXGHU]HQLDSQHXPDW\F]QH
± GXĪHZ\PLDU\
Turbinowy
± PDáHZ\PLDU\
± GXĪ\]DNUHVSRPLDUX
± NUyWNLSURVW\RGFLQHN'·'
± F]Xá\QD]PLDQĊUR]NáDGX
SUĊGNRĞFL
± Z\PDJDVPDURZDQLDáRĪ\VN
Wirowy
± QLHZUDĪOLZHQD]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLD
LXGHU]HQLDSQHXPDW\F]QH
± F]Xá\QD]PLDQĊUR]NáDGX
SUĊGNRĞFL
± GXĪ\VSDGHNFLĞQLHQLD
± ZUDĪOLZRĞüQDZLEUDFMHUXURFLąJX
± QLHVWDELOQRĞüZVSyáF]\QQLND.
UyZQDQLH
8OWUDGĨZLĊNRZ\
± GXĪ\]DNUHVSRPLDUX
± EUDNF]ĊĞFLUXFKRP\FK
± PDá\VSDGHNFLĞQLHQLD
± PRQWDĪQDJD]RFLąJDFK
Z\VRNLHJRFLĞQLHQLD
± F]Xá\QD]PLDQĊUR]NáDGX
SUĊGNRĞFLGODXNáDGX
MHGQRSURPLHQLRZHJR
/,7(5$785$
>@ 'ZRUDN33U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HPDVRZH&RULROLVD5XURFLąJL
>@ 'ZRUDN3*D]RPLHU]HPDVRZH&RULROLVD1RZRF]HVQH*D]RZQLFWZR,;
>@ '\DNRZVND ( *D]RPLHU]H XOWUDGĨZLĊNRZH ± Z]RUFRZDQLH DXWRGLDJQRVW\ND SR
-
UyZQDQLH]LQQ\PLJD]RPLHU]DPL3RPLDU\$XWRPDW\ND5RERW\ND
>@ .DOLEUDFMDJD]RPLHU]\XOWUDGĨZLĊNRZ\FK1RZRF]HVQH*D]RZQLFWZR9
>@ àDFLDN01RZHPHWRG\SRPLDUyZZWUDQVSRUFLHJD]X± JD]RPLHU]HXOWUDGĨZLĊNRZH
1RZRF]HVQH7HFKQLNL%H]Z\NRSRZH
>@ àXF]DN38OWUDGĨZLĊNRZHSRPLDU\SU]HSá\ZXJD]X:Sá\ZZDUXQNyZSUDF\QDGRNáDG
QRĞüSRPLDUX1RZRF]HVQH*D]RZQLFWZR9,,
>@ 0HOQ\N,0RQWJRPHU\'-DPHV'2SWLFDOJDVIORZPHWHUV±DQRYHOJDVIORZPHDVXUH
PHQWWHFKQLJXH
>@ 7XUNRZVNL03U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HWHUPLF]QH±EXGRZDG]LDáDQLH]DVWRVRZDQLHZáD
ĞFLZRĞFLPHWURORJLF]QH3RPLDU\$XWRPDW\ND5RERW\ND
>@ 7XUNRZVNL03U]HSá\ZRPLHU]H&RULROLVD±EXGRZDG]LDáDQLHZáDĞFLZRĞFLL]DVWR
-
VRZDQLD3RPLDU\$XWRPDW\ND5RERW\ND
>@ 8OWUDVRQLF JDV ÀRZ PHDVXUHPHQW 7KH ZDYH RI WKH IXWXUH ± ,QVWURPHW 8OWUDVRQLF
Technologies
>@ KWWSZZZDEESl
>@ KWWSZZZIR[WKHUPDOLQVWUXPHQWVFRP
>@ KWWSZZZJD]RPHWSl
>@ KWWSZZZ¿RUHQWLQLFRPSURGXFWVVHODVS["/$1* ,7A
>@ KWWSZZZKJD]FRPSOJD]RPLHU]HKWP
>@ KWWSZZZLQWHUJD]FRPSOURWRURZHSKS
>@ KWWSZZZLQWUROSONDWDORJSU]HSO\Z\ZLURZHBYRUWH[YRUWH[BSKGKWPl
>@ KWWSZZZLQWUROSONDWDORJSU]HSO\Z\LQGH[KWPl
>@ KWWSZZZHOVWHUPHWHULQJSOSOPDJQHWRBLQGXNF\MQHVKWPl
>@ 3103RPLDUVWUXPLHQLDREMĊWRĞFLSá\QXZSU]HZRGDFK3U]HSá\ZRPLHU]HXOWUD
GĨZLĊNRZH
>@ 31(1*D]RPLHU]H*D]RPLHU]HPLHFKRZH
>@ 31(1±*D]RPLHU]H*D]RPLHU]HURWRURZH
>@ =1*$3RPLDU\SDOLZJD]RZ\FK±*D]RPLHU]HWXUELQRZH±:\PDJDQLD
EDGDQLDLLQVWDORZDQLH
>@ =1*3RPLDU\SDOLZJD]RZ\FK±=ZĊĪNRZHJD]RPLHU]HNU\]RZH±EDGDQLD
]HVWDZyZPRQWDĪRZ\FK
>@ =1*3RPLDU\SDOLZJD]RZ\FK±*D]RPLHU]HURWRURZH±:\PDJDQLDED
-
GDQLDLLQVWDORZDQLH