82. The lines that lead toward the lower left are alpha decays, involving an atomic number change of
∆Z
α
=
−2 and a mass number change of ∆A
α
=
−4. The short horizontal lines toward the right are
beta decays (involving electrons, not positrons)in which case A stays the same but the change in atomic
number is ∆Z
β
= +1. Fig. 43-16 shows three alpha decays and two beta decays; thus,
Z
f
= Z
i
+ 3∆Z
α
+ 2∆Z
β
and
A
f
= A
i
+ 3∆A
α
.
Referring to Appendix F or G, we find Z
i
= 93 for Neptunium, so Z
f
= 93 + 3(
−2)+ 2(1)= 89, which
indicates the element Actinium. We are given A
i
= 237, so A
f
= 237 + 3(
−4)= 225. Therefore, the
final isotope is
225
Ac.
Document Outline
- Main Menu
- Chapter 1 Measurement
- Chapter 2 Motion Along a Straight Line
- Chapter 3 Vectors
- Chapter 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
- Chapter 5 Force and Motion I
- Chapter 6 Force and Motion II
- Chapter 7 Kinetic Energy and Work
- Chapter 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy
- Chapter 9 Systems of Particles
- Chapter 10 Collisions
- Chapter 11 Rotation
- Chapter 12 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
- Chapter 13 Equilibrium and Elasticity
- Chapter 14 Gravitation
- Chapter 15 Fluids
- Chapter 16 Oscillations
- Chapter 17 Waves—I
- Chapter 18 Waves—II
- Chapter 19 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
- Chapter 20 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Chapter 21 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Chapter 22 Electric Charge
- Chapter 23 Electric Fields
- Chapter 24 Gauss’ Law
- Chapter 25 Electric Potential
- Chapter 26 Capacitance
- Chapter 27 Current and Resistance
- Chapter 28 Circuits
- Chapter 29 Magnetic Fields
- Chapter 30 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents
- Chapter 31 Induction and Inductance
- Chapter 32 Magnetism of Matter: Maxwell’s Equation
- Chapter 33 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current
- Chapter 34 Electromagnetic Waves
- Chapter 35 Images
- Chapter 36 Interference
- Chapter 37 Diffraction
- Chapter 38 Special Theory of Relativity
- Chapter 39 Photons and Matter Waves
- Chapter 40 More About Matter Waves
- Chapter 41 All About Atoms
- Chapter 42 Conduction of Electricity in Solids
- Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics
- 43.1 - 43.10
- 43.1
- 43.2
- 43.3
- 43.4
- 43.5
- 43.6
- 43.7
- 43.8
- 43.9
- 43.10
- 43.11 - 43.20
- 43.11
- 43.12
- 43.13
- 43.14
- 43.15
- 43.16
- 43.17
- 43.18
- 43.19
- 43.20
- 43.21 - 43.30
- 43.21
- 43.22
- 43.23
- 43.24
- 43.25
- 43.26
- 43.27
- 43.28
- 43.29
- 43.30
- 43.31 - 43.40
- 43.31
- 43.32
- 43.33
- 43.34
- 43.35
- 43.36
- 43.37
- 43.38
- 43.39
- 43.40
- 43.41 - 43.50
- 43.41
- 43.42
- 43.43
- 43.44
- 43.45
- 43.46
- 43.47
- 43.48
- 43.49
- 43.50
- 43.51 - 43.60
- 43.51
- 43.52
- 43.53
- 43.54
- 43.55
- 43.56
- 43.57
- 43.58
- 43.59
- 43.60
- 43.61 - 43.70
- 43.61
- 43.62
- 43.63
- 43.64
- 43.65
- 43.66
- 43.67
- 43.68
- 43.69
- 43.70
- 43.71 - 43.80
- 43.71
- 43.72
- 43.73
- 43.74
- 43.75
- 43.76
- 43.77
- 43.78
- 43.79
- 43.80
- 43.81 - 43.88
- 43.81
- 43.82
- 43.83
- 43.84
- 43.85
- 43.86
- 43.87
- 43.88
- 43.1 - 43.10
- Chapter 44 Energy from the Nucleus
- Chapter 45 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang
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