1 Intro to lg LECTURE2014

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2014-04-03

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Introduction to linguistics

Lecture 1: Language and linguistics

Defining language

Language

– the central object of study in

linguistics.

• The term covers several different concepts:

– A

specific language

, e.g. Russian, Polish, etc.

Language faculty

: the general ability to use

language.

Primary characteristic

that distinguishes humans

from animals.

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Defining language

• Two definitions important for linguists:

A human system of communication which uses

structured vocal sounds and can be embodied in
other media, e.g. writing, print or physical signs

.

A particular instatiation of such a system

, e.g.

Polish, Arabic, etc.

• All these examples are

NATURAL LANGUAGES

= mother tongues.

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Defining linguistics

Linguistics

– the science that studies language

(i.e. language faculty).

• To do this, linguists distinguished two levels of

language:

Competence

: the abstract mental system of rules,

principles and constraints which are shared by
speakers.

Performance

: and the real utterances produced

by individual speakers on particular occasions.

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The subfields of linguistics (1)

Phonetics

: deals with the sounds of language.

Phonology

: deals with how the sounds are

organized.

Morphology

: deals with how sounds are put

together to form words.

Syntax

: deals with how sentences are formed.

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The subfields of linguistics (2)

Semantics

: deals with the meanings of words,

sentences and texts.

Pragmatics

: deals with how sentences and

texts are used in the world (i.e. in context).

Text linguistics

: deals with units larger than

sentences, e.g. paragraphs and texts.

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The subfields of linguistics (3)

• Other field that look at language from the

perspective of another discipline:

Sociolinguistics

: language in the society.

Psycholinguistics

: psychology of language.

Historical linguistics

: the history of language.

Neurolinguistics

: language and the brain.

Language pedagogy

: teaching.

Computational linguistics

: computers and

language.

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Act of communication

• It is an instance of linguistic

communication

:

– the exchange of ideas, information, etc. between

two or more persons.

• In an act of communication there are usually:

– at least a

speaker

(

sender

),

– a

message

which is transmitted,

– and a person or persons for whom this message is

intended (the

receiver

).

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Components of an act of

communication

Source/sender:

the person who initiates the

message.

Message:

the information transmitted

verbal

and

non-verbal

.

Channel:

medium through which messages

reaches the receiver (

auditory, visual

, etc)

Receiver:

the person to whom the message is

targeted/addressed.

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Modes of communication

Verbal communication

includes messages

sent with words / language.

– spoken or written.

Nonverbal communication

includes messages

sent through body language:

– posture, gestures, touch, facial expressions, and

physical appearance.

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Functions of language

• The purposes of the language used in human

communication:

1. Informative

function – conveying information

(relates to the meaning of the message):
explanation, definition, description

– e.g.

My brother is coming toda

y.

2. Expressive

: conveying the sender's feelings and

attitudes (relates to the sender): positive,
negative, ironical, sentimental, etc.

– e.g

. I hate you

.

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Functions of language

3. Directive

: influencing the behaviour and

attitudes of others (relates to the receiver):
order, request, demand, warning, advice, etc.

– e.g.

Close the door, will you?

4. Phatic

: maintaining social contact rather than

exchanging info (relates to the channel of
communication),

– e.g.

Are you still there? Nice weather, isn’t it?

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Functions of language

5. Metalinguistic:

communicating facts about

language itself (relates to the code and form
of the message),

– e.g.

You said 'nucular' instead of 'nuclear'

.

What

do you mean when you say…..

?

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Approaches to language

Prescriptive

: stating what is considered right

and wrong in a language.

– Passing judgements, e.g. "Splitting infinitives is

wrong."

– So saying

To boldly go where no one has gone

before

is a bad sentence, because it splits the

infinitive to go.

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Approaches to language

Descriptive

: this approach consists of describing

the facts, e.g.

– ˮSome people split infinitives, some don’t. Which kind

of people split infinitives? When do they do that?
What can be used to split an infinitive?”

Descriptive linguistics

aims at

finding

the rules

that govern a particular language.

Prescriptive linguistics imposes

arbitrary rules,

even if they are not used by the speakers of the
language.

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