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Introduction to linguistics
Lecture 1: Language and linguistics
Defining language
• Language
– the central object of study in
linguistics.
• The term covers several different concepts:
– A
specific language
, e.g. Russian, Polish, etc.
– Language faculty
: the general ability to use
language.
– Primary characteristic
that distinguishes humans
from animals.
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Defining language
• Two definitions important for linguists:
– A human system of communication which uses
structured vocal sounds and can be embodied in
other media, e.g. writing, print or physical signs
.
– A particular instatiation of such a system
, e.g.
Polish, Arabic, etc.
• All these examples are
NATURAL LANGUAGES
= mother tongues.
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Defining linguistics
• Linguistics
– the science that studies language
(i.e. language faculty).
• To do this, linguists distinguished two levels of
language:
– Competence
: the abstract mental system of rules,
principles and constraints which are shared by
speakers.
– Performance
: and the real utterances produced
by individual speakers on particular occasions.
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The subfields of linguistics (1)
• Phonetics
: deals with the sounds of language.
• Phonology
: deals with how the sounds are
organized.
• Morphology
: deals with how sounds are put
together to form words.
• Syntax
: deals with how sentences are formed.
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The subfields of linguistics (2)
• Semantics
: deals with the meanings of words,
sentences and texts.
• Pragmatics
: deals with how sentences and
texts are used in the world (i.e. in context).
• Text linguistics
: deals with units larger than
sentences, e.g. paragraphs and texts.
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The subfields of linguistics (3)
• Other field that look at language from the
perspective of another discipline:
– Sociolinguistics
: language in the society.
– Psycholinguistics
: psychology of language.
– Historical linguistics
: the history of language.
– Neurolinguistics
: language and the brain.
– Language pedagogy
: teaching.
– Computational linguistics
: computers and
language.
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Act of communication
• It is an instance of linguistic
communication
:
– the exchange of ideas, information, etc. between
two or more persons.
• In an act of communication there are usually:
– at least a
speaker
(
sender
),
– a
message
which is transmitted,
– and a person or persons for whom this message is
intended (the
receiver
).
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Components of an act of
communication
• Source/sender:
the person who initiates the
message.
• Message:
the information transmitted
– verbal
and
non-verbal
.
• Channel:
medium through which messages
reaches the receiver (
auditory, visual
, etc)
• Receiver:
the person to whom the message is
targeted/addressed.
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Modes of communication
• Verbal communication
includes messages
sent with words / language.
– spoken or written.
• Nonverbal communication
includes messages
sent through body language:
– posture, gestures, touch, facial expressions, and
physical appearance.
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Functions of language
• The purposes of the language used in human
communication:
1. Informative
function – conveying information
(relates to the meaning of the message):
explanation, definition, description
– e.g.
My brother is coming toda
y.
2. Expressive
: conveying the sender's feelings and
attitudes (relates to the sender): positive,
negative, ironical, sentimental, etc.
– e.g
. I hate you
.
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Functions of language
3. Directive
: influencing the behaviour and
attitudes of others (relates to the receiver):
order, request, demand, warning, advice, etc.
– e.g.
Close the door, will you?
4. Phatic
: maintaining social contact rather than
exchanging info (relates to the channel of
communication),
– e.g.
Are you still there? Nice weather, isn’t it?
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Functions of language
5. Metalinguistic:
communicating facts about
language itself (relates to the code and form
of the message),
– e.g.
You said 'nucular' instead of 'nuclear'
.
What
do you mean when you say…..
?
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Approaches to language
• Prescriptive
: stating what is considered right
and wrong in a language.
– Passing judgements, e.g. "Splitting infinitives is
wrong."
– So saying
To boldly go where no one has gone
before
is a bad sentence, because it splits the
infinitive to go.
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Approaches to language
• Descriptive
: this approach consists of describing
the facts, e.g.
– ˮSome people split infinitives, some don’t. Which kind
of people split infinitives? When do they do that?
What can be used to split an infinitive?”
• Descriptive linguistics
aims at
finding
the rules
that govern a particular language.
• Prescriptive linguistics imposes
arbitrary rules,
even if they are not used by the speakers of the
language.
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