The

Energies

involved:

Electron (orbital) Potential Energy:

2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

4p

1s

E

N

E

R

G

Y

L

E

V

E

L

E

N

E

R

G

Y

L

E

V

E

L

120

o

109.5

o

90

o

180

o

Bond Angles

P

x

P

y

P

z

P

x

P

y

P

z

Methane building

blocks

2s

2p

x

2p

z

2p

y

1s

sp

3

sp

3

sp

3

sp

3

109.5

o

Promote

Hybridize

x

z

y

Methane:

Carbon

CH

2

O

120

o

2s

2p

x

2p

z

2p

y

1s

sp

2

sp

2

sp

2

120

o

Hybridized

Formaldehyde:

Carbon

Promoted

120

o

Trigona

l

Planar

2s

+

2p

x

+

2p

z

2s

2p

x

2p

z

2p

y

1s

sp

2

sp

2

sp

2

120

o

Hybridized

Formaldehyde:

Oxygen

120

o

Trigona

l

Planar

Lone Pairs

Lone Pairs

2s + 2p

x

+

2p

z

Formaldehyd
e

Sigma bond

2
Lone
Pairs

2
Lone
Pairs





bond

bond

2s

2p

x

2p

z

2p

y

1s

sp sp

Promoted

Hybridized

Hydrogen Cyanide:

Carbon

2s

+

2p

x

Linear

2s

2p

x

2p

z

2p

y

1s

sp sp

Hybridized

Hydrogen Cyanide:

Nitrogen

2s

+

2p

x

Linear





bond

bond





bond

bond

PCl

5

3s

3p

x

3p

z

3p

y

2

Neon

120

o

Hybridized

Phosphorus Pentachloride:

Phosphorus

Trigonal

Bipyrimida

l

sp

3

d sp

3

d sp

3

d

sp

3

d sp

3

d

d

xz

d

yz

d

xy

d

x

2

-

y

2

d

z

2

120

o

90

o

Promoted

18

sp

3

d

2

Hybridization - Geometry of SF

6

molecule

Octahedral geometry of SF

6

molecule

Formation of SF

6

molecule involving sp

3

d

2

Hybridization

19

Geometry of IF

7

molecule - sp

3

d

3

hybridization

Formation of IF

7

molecule involving sp

3

d

3

hybridization

Pentagonal bipyramidal geometry of IF

7

molecule

20

dsp

2

hybridization Geometry of [Ni(CN)

4

]

2-

Formation of [Ni(CN)

4

]

2-

involving dsp

2

hybridization

Structure of [Ni(CN)

4

]

2-