English Skills with Readings 5e Appendix Answers Charts Acknowledgement and Index


Appendix

Answers and Charts

Preview

This Appendix provides answers for the Sentence-Skills Diagnostic Test on pages 355-359 and for the Introductory Projects in Part Five. It also contains four useful charts: an assignment chart, a spelling list, and a reading comprehension chart, to be filled in by the student, and a general form for planning a paragraph.

Answers to Sentence-Skills Diagnostic Test and Introductory Projects

Sentence-Skills Diagnostic Test (pages 355-359)

Fragments

 1. X

 2. C

 3. X

 4. X

 5. C

 6. X

Run-Ons

 7. C

 8. X

 9. X

10. X

11. C

12. X

Standard English Verbs

13. C

14. C

15. X

16. X

Irregular Verbs

17. X

18. C

19. C

20. X

Subject-Verb Agreement

21. X

22. X

23. C

24. X

Consistent Verb Tense

25. X

26. C

27. C

28. X

Pronoun Agreement, Reference, and Point of View

29. X

30. C

31. X

32. C

33. X

34. C

Pronoun Types

35. X

36. C

Adjectives and Adverbs

37. X

38. X

Misplaced Modifiers

39. X

40. C

41. X

42. X

Dangling Modifiers

43. C

44. X

45. C

46. X

Faulty Parallelism

47. X

48. C

49. X

50. C

Capital Letters

51. X

52. X

53. C

54. X

Apostrophe

55. C

56. X

57. X

58. C

Quotation Marks

59. C

60. X

61. X

62. C

Comma

63. X

64. X

65. C

66. X

67. C

68. X

Commonly Confused Words

69. X

70. X

71. C

72. X

73. X

74. C

Effective Word Use

75. X

76. X

77. X

78. X

Introductory Projects

Fragments (page 369)

 1. thought

 2. subject

 3. verb

 4. subject

Run-Ons (page 385)

 1. period

 2. but

 3. semicolon

 4. When

Standard English Verbs (page 400)

enjoyed . . . enjoys; started . . . starts;

cooked . . . cooks

 1. past . . . -ed

 2. present . . . -s

Irregular Verbs (page 409)

 1. crawled, crawled (regular)

 2. brought, brought (irregular)

 3. used, used (regular)

 4. did, done (irregular)

 5. gave, given (irregular)

 6. laughed, laughed (regular)

 7. went, gone (irregular)

 8. scared, scared (regular)

 9. dressed, dressed (regular)

10. saw, seen (irregular)

Subject-Verb Agreement (page 418)

The second sentence in each pair is correct.

Pronoun Agreement and Reference (page 425)

The second sentence in each pair is correct.

Misplaced Modifiers (page 443)

 1. Intended: A young man with references is wanted to open oysters.

Unintended: The oysters have references.

 2. Intended: On their wedding day, Clyde and Charlotte decided they would have two children.

Unintended: Clyde and Charlotte decided to have two children who would appear on the day of their wedding.

 3. Intended: The students who failed the test no longer like the math instructor.

Unintended: The math instructor failed the test.

Dangling Modifiers (page 447)

 1. Intended: My dog sat with me as I smoked a pipe.

Unintended: My dog smoked a pipe.

 2. Intended: He looked at a leather-skirted woman.

Unintended: His sports car looked at the woman.

 3. Intended: A beef pie baked in the oven for several hours.

Unintended: Grandmother baked in the oven.

Capital Letters (page 457)

All the answers to questions 1 to 13 should be in capital letters.

14. The 15. I 16. That

Apostrophe (page 469)

 1. The purpose of the 's is to show possession (Larry owns the motorcycle, the boyfriend belongs to the sister, Grandmother owns the shotgun, the room belongs to the men).

 2. The purpose of the apostrophe is to show the omission of one or more letters in a contraction—two words shortened to form one word.

 3. In each of the second sentences, the 's shows possession: the body of the vampire; the center of the baked potato. In each of the first sentences, the s is used to form a simple plural: more than one vampire; more than one potato.

Quotation Marks (page 478)

1. The purpose of quotation marks is to set off the exact words of a speaker. (The words that the young man actually spoke aloud are set off with quotation marks, as are the words that the old woman spoke aloud.)

2. Commas and periods go inside quotation marks.

Comma (page 485)

 1. a. Frank's interests are Maria, television, and sports.

b. My mother put her feet up, sipped some iced tea, and opened the newspaper.

 2. a. Although the Lone Ranger used lots of silver bullets, he never ran out of ammunition.

b. To remove the cap of the aspirin bottle, you must first press down on it.

 3. a. Kitty Litter and Dredge Rivers, Hollywood's leading romantic stars, have made several movies together.

b. Sarah, who is my next-door neighbor, just entered the hospital with an intestinal infection.

 4. a. The wedding was scheduled for four o'clock, but the bride changed her mind at two.

b. Verna took three coffee breaks before lunch, and then she went on a two-hour lunch break.

 5. a. Lola's mother asked her, “What time do you expect to get home?”

b. “Don't bend over to pat the dog,” I warned, “or he'll bite you.”

 6. a. Roy ate seventeen hamburgers on July 29, 1992, and lived to tell about it.

b. Roy lives at 817 Cresson Street, Detroit, Michigan.

Other Punctuation Marks (page 495)

 1. pets: holly

 2. freeze-dried

 3. Shakespeare (1564-1616)

 4. Earth; no

 5. proudly—with

Commonly Confused Words (page 519)

Your mind and body . . . There is a lot of evidence . . .

then it will . . . said to have . . . It's not clear

Effective Word Choice (page 529)

 1. “Flipped out” is slang.

 2. “Few and far between” is a cliché.

 3. “Ascertained” is a pretentious word.

Charts

Assignment Chart

Use this chart to record daily or weekly assignments in your writing class. You might want to print writing assignments and their due dates in capital letters so that they stand out clearly.

Date Date

Given Assignment Due

Date Date

Given Assignment Due

Spelling List

Enter here the words that you misspelled in your papers (note the examples). If you add to and study this list regularly, you will not repeat the same mistakes in your writing.

Incorrect Spelling Correct Spelling Points to Remember

Reading Comprehension Chart

Write an X through the numbers of any questions you missed while answering the comprehension questions for each selection in Part Six, Seventeen Reading Selections. Then write in your comprehension score. To calculate your score for each reading, give yourself 10 points for each item that is not X'd out. The chart will make clear any skill question you get wrong repeatedly, so that you can pay special attention to that skill in the future.

Vocabulary Subject Thesis or Key Comprehension Selection in Context or Title Main Idea Details Inferences Score

Mrosla 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Logan 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Wong 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Angelou 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Rooney 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Curran 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Carson 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Collier 1   2 3 4 5  6  7  8 9   10 %

Barrett 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Garland 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Scott 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Verderber 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Ellerbee 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Wine 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Berger 1   2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %

Syme 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Conroy/ Johnson 1   2 3 4 5   6   7 8   9   10 %

Form for Planning a Paragraph

To write an effective paragraph, first prepare an outline. Often (though not always) you may be able to use a form like the one below.

Topic sentence:

Support (1):

Details:

Support (2):

Details:

Support (3):

Details:

alright all right two words

ocasion occasion two “c”s

Acknowledgments

Maya Angelou, “Adolescent Confusion” (editor's title). Excerpt from I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou, copyright ©1969 by Maya Angelou. Used by permission of Random House, Inc. and Virago Press.

Katherine Barrett, “Old before Her Time.” From Ladies' Home Journal magazine. Copyright 1983 by Meredith Corporation. All rights reserved. Used with the permission of Ladies' Home Journal.

Kathleen Stassen Berger and Ross A. Thompson, “Bullies in School.” Excerpt from The Developing Person through the Life Span by Kathleen Stassen Berger and Ross A. Thompson, ©1998 by Worth Publishers. Used with permission.

Ben Carson, M.D., with Cecil Murphey, “Do It Better!” Excerpt from Think Big, copyright ©1992 by Benjamin Carson, M.D. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House.

James Lincoln Collier, “Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name.” Originally published in Reader's Digest, December 1986. Reprinted by permission of the author.

Theresa Conroy and Christine M. Johnson, “A Drunken Ride, A Tragic Aftermath.” From The Philadelphia Inquirer. Copyright ©1986, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Reprinted by permission.

Delores Curran, “What Good Families Are Doing Right,” from McCall's, March 1983. Reprinted by permission.

Linda Ellerbee, “Television Changed My Family Forever.” From Move On, copyright 1991 by Linda Ellerbee. Reprinted by permission of International Creative Management, Inc.

Anita Garland, “Let's Really Reform Our Schools.” Copyright ©1994. Reprinted by permission of the author.

Paul Logan, “Rowing the Bus.” Copyright ©1997. Reprinted by permission of the author.

Sister Helen Mrosla, “All the Good Things.” Originally published in Reader's Digest, October 1991. Reprinted by permission.

Andy Rooney, “Tickets to Nowhere.” Originally published in the San Francisco Chronicle, Sept. 25, 1988. ©Tribune Media Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted with permission.

Janny Scott, “How They Get You to Do That.” Originally published in the Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1992. Copyright 1992, Los Angeles Times. Reprinted by permission.

S. Leonard Syme, “People Need People,” from American Health (July-August 1982). Reprinted by permission of S. Leonard Syme.

Rudolph F. Verderber, “Dealing with Feelings.” Excerpt from Communicate, 6th Edition, by Rudolph F. Verderber, ©1990. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth, an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.

Bill Wine, “Rudeness at the Movies.” Copyright 1989. Reprinted by permission of the author.

Jade Snow Wong, “Fifth Chinese Daughter.” Excerpt from Jade Snow Wong's Fifth Chinese Daughter, ©1989 by University of Washington Press. Reprinted by permission of University of Washington Press.

Yahoo!® home page. Reproduced with permission of Yahoo! Inc. ©2000 by Yahoo! Inc. YAHOO! and the YAHOO! logo are trademarks of Yahoo! Inc.

Index

A, an, 525, 535-537

Abbreviations, 467

in Internet addresses, 320

Accent marks, 503

Accept, except, 525

Added-detail fragments, 377-378

Addition signals, 82

Addresses, commas in, 492

Adjectives, 438-440, 545-547

commas with, 113

to compare, use of, 438-440

defined, 112, 438, 545

order of, 545-546

present and past participles as, 111, 546-547

in sentence variety, 112-114

in a series, 112, 545

“Adolescent Confusion” (Angelou), 605-611

Adverbial conjunctions, 393

Adverbs, 440-441

defined, 440

advice, advise, 525

affect, effect, 526

Agreement:

pronoun, 426-428

subject and verb, 418-424

all ready, already, 520

“All the Good Things” (Mrosla), 584-589

among, between, 526

an, a, 525

and as coordinating word, 108, 390

Angelou, Maya, “Adolescent Confusion,” 605-611

Antecedents, pronoun agreement with, 426, 427-428

“Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name” (Collier), 639-645

Apostrophe, 469-477

in contractions, 470

incorrect use with plurals, 474

incorrect use with possessive pronouns, 473

with plurals ending in -s, 475

to show possession, 471-472

versus simple plurals, 474

Argumentation paragraph, 269-280

development through prewriting, 272-274, 275-276, 277

Argumentation paragraph—Cont.

development through revising, 274, 276, 278

Articles, 535-538

with count and noncount nouns, 536-538

indefinite and definite, 535

omitting, 538

with proper nouns, 538

Artificial writing, 532

Assignment chart, 730-731

Audience, writing for, 163

peer review, 167-169

Balancing words in sentences, 97-98

Barrett, Katherine, “Old before Her Time,” 646-655

Bases, four, for revising, 131-157

summary of, 131, 141, inside front cover

(see also Coherence in writing; Sentence skills; Support in writing; Unity in writing)

be, forms of, 404

Berger, Kathleen, “Bullies in School,” 694-701

beside, besides, 526

between, among, 526

Bibliography (see Works cited)

-body words, 422

Book file, library (see Catalog)

Book report (see Report writing)

Book stacks, library, 314-315

Books, citations to, 338, 339 (see also Works cited)

Brainstorming (making a list), 21

brake, break, 520

“Bullies in School” (Berger), 694-701

but as coordinating word, 108, 390

Call numbers, 313

Capital letters, 457-465

erroneous use of, 464

in first word in a sentence or direct quotation, 458

in geographic locations, 462

Capital letters—Cont.

in historical periods and events, 463

in a letter, opening and closing of, 463

in names of commercial products, 459

in names of days of week, months, and holidays, 459

in names of languages, 462

in names of organizations, 459

in names of particular places, 458-459

in names of persons and the word I, 458

in names showing family relationships, 461-462

in names of specific school courses, 462

in races, nations, and nationalities, 463

in titles, 460

in titles of persons when used with their names, 462

Carson, Ben, M.D., with Cecil Murphey, “Do It Better!” 629-638

Catalog, library, 312-314

Cause-and-effect paragraph, 195-204

development through prewriting, 197-199

development through revising, 199

Change-of-direction signals, 82

Chart, assignment, 730-731

Citations, in research paper:

at the end of the paper, 337-340

within a paper, 336-337

Clauses:

defined, 109, 436

independent and dependent, 109

Clichés, 531

Clustering, as prewriting technique, 22-23

coarse, course, 520

Coherence in writing, 136-137, 149-154

connecting words:

pronouns, 85

repeated words, 85

synonyms, 86

transitional sentences, 289

transitions, 82, 158, 160

(see also Organization, methods of)

Collier, James Lincoln, “Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name,” 639-645

Colon, 492, 496

Combined Mastery Tests, 550-557

Comma, 485-494

in addresses, 492

with complete thoughts, 108, 489-490

in compound sentences, 108

with dates, 492

with direct quotations, 491

with everyday material, 491-492

with interrupters, 488-489

with introductory material, 487

with joining word, 489-490

in openings and closings of letters, 492

with persons spoken to, 491

in series, 486

splices, 386

Comma splice, defined, 386 (see also Run-ons)

Commonly confused words, 519-528

Community dialect, 400-405

Comparison or contrast paragraph, 205-220

development through prewriting, 212-214

development through revising, 214

one-side-at-a-time development in, 207

point-by-point development in, 207-208

Complex sentences, 109

Compound sentences, 421

Compound subjects, 363, 421

Computer, using, 164-167

tips on, 164

ways to use in writing process, 165-167

Computerized catalog, library, 312-314

Conciseness, 105-106

Concluding paragraph in essay, 290

Conclusion signals, 82

Conjunctions (see Coordinating words; Dependent words; Joining words)

Connecting words, (see Organization in writing, connecting words)

Conroy, Theresa, and Christine M. Johnson, “A Drunken Ride, a Tragic Aftermath,” 710-723

Consistent verb tense, 99

Contractions, apostrophe in, 470

Contrast, comparison or, paragraph, 205-220

Coordinating words, 108, 390

with comma, 489-490

Coordination in sentence, 108-109

Correction symbols, inside back cover

count nouns, 536

nonspecific singular, 537

course, coarse, 520

Curran, Delores, “What Good Families Are Doing Right,” 617-628

Cut and paste, computer functions, 164

Dangling modifiers, 447-451

Dash, 497

Dates, commas with, 492

“Dealing with Feelings” (Verderber), 672-679

Definition paragraph, 221-230

development through prewriting, 223-225

development through revising, 225

Demonstrative pronouns, 436

Dependent fragments, 370-372

Dependent thoughts, 109-110

Dependent words, 109, 395

Description paragraph, 243-255

development through prewriting, 246-248

development through revising, 248

topic choice, 246-247

desert, dessert, 526

Details, specific, 4-5, 49-55, 67-76, 142-143, 155-157, 583

adequacy of, 55-56, 73-75

versus general ideas, 35-42

importance of, 52-53

ordering (see Organization, methods of)

providing, 72-73

recognizing, 67-72

Diagramming, as prewriting technique, 22-23

Dialects, community, 400-405

Dictionary, use of, 500-508

desk dictionaries, titles of, 506

etymology of words in, 506

irregular nouns, plural forms in, 505

irregular verbs, principal parts in, 504-505

meanings of words, listed in, 505

parts of speech in, 504

Dictionary, use of—Cont.

pronunciation of words in, 501-503, 504

accent marks, 503

schwa, 502

vowel sounds, 502

spelling in, 500-501, 509

syllabication in, 501

synonyms in, 507-508

usage labels in, 507

Direct quotations, 479, 481

commas with, 491

ellipses with, 334

versus indirect quotations, 481

Discovering your subject through writing, 12-13

Division and classification paragraph, 231-242

development through prewriting, 235-236

development through revising, 236-237

do, forms of, 405

Documentation of research paper (see Research paper, documentation of sources for)

“Do It Better!” (Carson and Murphey), 629-638

“A Drunken Ride, a Tragic Aftermath” (Conroy and Johnson), 710-723

Ebscohost, 316, 317

-ed word, beginning with, 111

for past tense of regular verb, 403

Editing, 30-31

with a computer, 166-167

of sentences, 114-116

Editing tests, 558-570

effect, affect, 526

Effective word choice, 529-534

Electronic aids in spelling, 515

Ellerbee, Linda, “Television Changed My Family Forever,” 680-686

Ellipses, in a direct quotation, 334

Emphatic order in organizing details, 80-81, 89-91

words that show, 80

Endings, verb, 409-410

ESL pointers, 535-549

Essay exams, preparing for and taking, 296-302

Essay writing, 281-308

essay outline form, 284, 295

model essay, 285-286

Essay writing—Cont.

paragraph and essay, difference between, 283

paragraphs in:

concluding, 290

introductory, 286-288

supporting, 289

personal review of, 169

planning the essay, 294-295

transitional sentences in, 289

writing assignments for, 302-308

writing of for exams, 296-302

Etymology, in dictionaries, 506

Evidence, specific (see Details, specific)

Examples (see Details, specific)

Examples paragraph, 171-181

development through prewriting, 182-183

development through revising, 183

except, accept, 525

Exposition, 161

fewer, less, 527

“Fifth Chinese Daughter” (Wong), 597-604

First-person point of view, 101

Footnotes (see Citations in research paper)

for as coordinating word, 108, 390

Format:

of essay, 294

of paper, 452-456

of research paper, 336, 342-352

Fragments, sentence, 369-370, 381

common types of:

added detail, 377-378

dependent-word, 370-372

-ing and to, 374-375

missing subject, 380

how to check for, a review, 381

Freewriting as prewriting technique, 18-19

with a computer, 165

Fused sentences, defined, 386 (see also Run-ons)

Garland, Anita, “Let's Really Reform Our Schools,” 655-663

Gender references, 427-428

General assertion, idea, point, or statement (see Point, making a)

Gerund, 541-544

defined, 541

good, well, 441

have, forms of, 405

hear, here, 520

Helping verbs, 363

here, at beginning of sentence, 540

his or her, 427-428

hole, whole, 521

Homonyms, 520-525

“How They Get You to Do That” (Scott), 663-671

Hyphen, 498

Illustration signals, 82

Importance, order of, (see Emphatic order in organizing details)

Indefinite pronouns, 422

agreement of, 427-428

Independent clauses, 109

Indirect quotations, 481

Inferences, 583

Infinitive, 541-544

defined, 541

InfoTrac, 317

-ing fragments, 374-375

-ing word:

alone, not verb of sentence, 364

beginning with, 111

Internet, use for research, 320-326, 330-331

for articles, 312-316

for books, 320-326

bookmarks, creating for saving websites, 325

citation of, 340

evaluating sources of, 326

search directories and engines, 323-325

Interrupters, commas with, 488-489

Introductory materials, comma with, 487

Introductory paragraph in essay, 286-288

common methods of, 287-288

purposes of, 286

Irregular nouns, plural forms of, in dictionary, 505

Irregular verbs, 404-405, 409-417

list of, 410-413

principal parts of 404-405,

in dictionary, 504-505

its, it's, 521

Joining words, 108, 390

with comma, 489-490

Journal, keeping a, 14-15, 283

Key words in topic sentence, 60-61

knew, new, 521

know, no, 521

Knowing your subject, 162-163

less, fewer, 527

“Let's Really Reform Our Schools” (Garland), 655-663

Letters, openings and closings, punctuation of, 492

Library, using the, 311-319, 329

book file, 312-313

book stacks, 314-315

card catalog, 312-314

computerized catalog, 312-314

Internet resources in, 320-326

Library of Congress, on the Internet, 322

main desk, 311

periodicals, 316-317, 328

reference section, specialized indexes, 318-319

Limiting a topic in writing, 57-59, 329-332

Linking verbs, including in sentences, 539-540

List-making (brainstorming), as prewriting technique, 21

with a computer, 165

Logan, Paul, “Rowing the Bus,” 590-597

loose, lose, 527

-ly word, beginning with, 111

Magazine Index Plus, 316, 317, 329

Magazines (see Periodicals)

citations of, 338

Main desk, in library, 311

Main idea, 583 (see also Point, making a)

Manuscript form, 342-352, 452-453

Mapping, as prewriting technique, 22-23

Mastery tests, combined, 550-557

Misplaced modifiers, 443-446

Missing-subject fragments, 380

Model research paper, 341-352

Model student essay, 285-286

Modern Language Association (MLA) documentation,

for research paper, 336-340

Modifiers:

dangling, 447-451

misplaced, 443-446

Mrosla, Sister Helen, “All the Good Things,” 584-589

Narrative paragraph, 257-267

development through prewriting, 260-261

development through revising, 261-262

new, knew, 521

Newspapers (see Periodicals)

citations of, 339

no, know, 521

noncount nouns, 536-538

common, 536

nonspecific, 538

qualifiers of, 536

nonspecific plurals, 538

nonspecific singular count nouns, 537

nor as coordinating word, 108

Noun markers, 535

Nouns

count versus noncount, 536

defined, 536

irregular, plural forms in dictionary, 505

noncount, 536-538

nonspecific plurals, 538

nonspecific singular count,537

proper, 538

with the, 538

specific versus nonspecific, 537

Nouns, irregular, plural forms in dictionary, 505

Numbers, 446

commas in, 492

spelling out, 446

Object pronouns, 432, 434

“Old before Her Time” (Barrett), 646-655

One-side-at-a-time development, 207

-one words, 422

Online sources (see also Internet, use for research)

booksellers, 320

citation of, 340

research, 320-326

services, 320

or as coordinating word, 108

Ordering details (see Organization, in writing, methods of)

Organization, in writing, 79-96, 136-137, 144-145, 151-154

activities in, 88-96

connecting words:

pronouns, 85

repeated words, 85

Organization, in writing—Cont.

connecting words—Cont.

synonyms, 86

transitions, 81-84, 91-96, 137

methods of:

combination of time and emphatic order, 81, 90

emphatic order, 80-81, 89, 150

time order, 80, 88-89, 152

(see also Paragraphs, types of development)

Outline page in research paper, model, 343

Outlines:

scratch, 23-24, 35, 150-151, 176, 168, 333

sentence, 335

topic, 335

Outlining:

activities, 35-42

major and minor details in, 38

scratch, in peer review, 168

scratch, as prewriting technique, 23-24, 35, 176

in writing, 23-24

Pair, pear, 522

Paper format, 452-456

Paragraph, simple, writing, 83-85

form for planning, 734

Paragraphs:

benefits of writing, 10-11

defined, 5

and essays, differences between, 283

in essays:

concluding, 290

introductory, 286-288

supporting, 289

outlining of, 5-6 (see also Outlines; Outlining)

point and support in, 4-6, 76-78

standards in:

organization (see Organization, in writing)

sentence skills (see Sentence skills)

support (see Support in writing)

unity (see Unity in writing)

topic sentence in, 5, 283

types of development:

arguing a position, 269-280

comparing or contrasting, 205-220

defining a term, 221-230

Paragraphs—Cont.

types of development—Cont.

describing a scene or person, 243-255

dividing and classifying, 231-242

examining cause and effect, 195-204

explaining a process, 183-194

narrating an event, 257-267

providing examples, 171-181

Parallelism, using, 97-98

Parentheses, 499

Participles:

as adjectives, 546-547

past, 111, 410, 504-505

present, 111, 410, 504-505

Parts of speech, in dictionary, 504

passed, past, 522

Past participle, 111, 410, 411-413, 504-505

as adjective, 546-547

Past tense, 401, 403-405

endings, 403

peace, piece, 522

pear, pair, 522

Peer review of paragraphs, 167-169

“People Need People” (Syme), 702-710

Periodicals:

citations of, 338-339

defined, 316

researching:

on Internet, 322-325

in library, 316-317

Personal knowledge, importance of, in writing, 171

Personal review in writing and revising, 169

Persuasion, 170, 269

piece, peace, 522

Places, prepositions used for, 548

Plagiarism, 335

plain, plane, 522

Plurals, versus apostrophe use, 474

Plural words ending in s, with apostrophe, 475

Point, making a, 4-6, 47-49, 132-133

common errors in, 57-59

the two parts of, 60-61

Point and support, 4-6, 47-57, 76-78, 141, 150-151

activities in, 57-78

Point-by-point development, 207-208

Point of view, in writing, consistent, 101

Possessive pronouns, 435

Possessives, formation of, 471-472

with words ending in -s, 475

Prepositional phrases, 419, 542

as sentence openers, 111

subject never in, 363

and subject-verb agreement, 419

Prepositions, 363

used for time and place, 548

Present participle, 111, 410, 411-413, 504-505

as adjective, 546-547

Present tense, 401-402, 404-405

Pretentious words, 532

Prewriting, 17-25

activities, 33-35

techniques:

brainstorming, 21

clustering, 22-23

using a computer in, 165

diagramming, 22-23

freewriting, 18-19

making a list, 21

mapping, 22-23

preparing a scratch outline, 23-24

questioning, 20

principal, principle, 522

Process, writing, 17-45

editing, 30-31

prewriting techniques, 17-25, 33-35

brainstorming, 21

clustering (diagramming), 22-23

freewriting, 18-19

making a list, 21

preparing a scratch outline, 23-24, 35-42

questioning, 20

revising, 26-29, 43-45

of content, 27

of sentences, 27-28

writing a first draft, 25

Process paragraph, 183-194

development through prewriting, 186-187

development through revising, 187-188

Progressive tense, 540-541

defined, 540

Pronouns:

agreement with word replaced (antecedent), 426-428

as connecting words, 85

consistency of, 101

indefinite, 422

agreement with verbs, 427-428

and point of view, consistent, 101

Pronouns—Cont.

reference, clear, 428-429

as subjects in sentences, 362, 432-434, 539

types:

demonstrative, 436

object, 434-435

possessive, 435

versus apostrophe use, 473

subject, 432-434

Pronunciation, in dictionary, 501-503, 504

Proofreading:

editing activities, 558-570

note on, 115-116, 558

sentence sense, 366-368

symbols, 115

Punctuation:

apostrophe (see Apostrophe)

colon, 492, 496

comma (see Comma)

dash, 497

hyphen, 498

parentheses, 499

quotation marks (see Quotation marks)

semicolon, 392, 496-497

of titles, 482-483

Purpose in writing, 171

making clear, 331-332

Qualifiers, 536

Questioning, as prewriting technique, 20

with a computer, 165

quiet, quite, 527

Quotation:

colon with, 492

comma with, 491

direct, 479

with comma, 491

indirect, 481

in research paper, 335

within a quotation, 484

Quotation marks, 478-484

with exact words of speaker or writer, 479, 481

with quotation within a quotation, 484

in research paper, 479, 491

with special words or phrases, 483-484

with titles of short works, 482-483

Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, 366-367

Reading:

general steps, 580-584

word signals, understanding, 51, 82

Reading comprehension chart, 733

Reasoning (see Coherence in writing; Outlining; Unity in writing)

Redundancy (see Wordiness)

Regular verbs, 410

Repeated subjects, avoiding, 539

Repeated words as connecting words, 85

Research:

in libraries, 311-319, 329

online, 320-326, 330-331

Research paper:

documentation of sources for, 336-340

format of and sample pages, 336

information gathering for, 332

model research paper, 341-352

Modern Language Association (MLA) documentation, 336-340

note-taking for, 333-335

outline page in, 333

preparing a scratch outline for, 333

purpose, making clear, 331-332

quoting and summarizing in, 333-335

topic:

choosing, 329-331

limiting, 331-332

works cited:

list of, 336-340

model entries, 338-340

sample page, 352

writing, 335-336

Restrictive elements (see Interrupters, commas with)

Revising, 26-29

activities, 43-45, 117-130

bases for, four, 131-157

of content, 27

pronoun point of view, consistency in, 101

of sentences, 27-28, 97-114

using a computer for, 166

using concise words, 105-107

using specific words, 102-103

using parallelism, 97-98

varying sentences in, 107-114

by adding a dependent thought, 109-110

by adding a second complete thought, 108-109

by beginning with a special opening word or phrase, 111-112

by using adjectives or verbs in a series, 112-113

verb tense, consistency in, 99

(see also Editing)

right, write, 522

Rooney, Andy, “Tickets to Nowhere,” 611-616

Rough drafts (see Prewriting techniques)

“Rowing the Bus” (Logan), 590-597

“Rudeness at the Movies” (Wine), 687-693

Run-ons, 385-399

methods of correcting:

comma and joining word, 390

period and capital letter, 387

semicolon, 392-393

subordination, 394-395

words that can lead to, 386

schwa, 502

Scott, Janny, “How They Get You to Do That,” 663-671

Scratch outline:

in peer review, 168

as prewriting technique, 23-24

Search directories, 323-324

Search engines, 323-325

Second-person point of view, 101

Semicolon, 392, 396

to connect complete thoughts, 496

with a series, 496-497

with a transitional word, 393

Sentence(s):

balancing words in, 97-98

complex, 109

compound, 108

coordination in, 108

editing of, 114-116

fragments (see Fragments, sentence)

parallelism in, 97-98

run-on (see Run-ons)

subjects and verbs in, 361-365

subordination in, 107, 109-111

there and here at the beginning of, 540

thesis statement (thesis sentence), of essay, 283, 284, 286

topic sentence, of paragraph, 57-67, 293

transitional, in essay, 289

variety in, 107-114

Sentence outlines, 335

Sentence sense, 366-368

Sentence skills, 138-140, 353-576

tests of:

achievement, 571-576

diagnostic, 355-359

Series:

of adjectives, 112, 545

balancing words in, 97-98

commas in, 486

of numbers, 492

parallel structure in, 97-98

semicolon in, 496-497

of verbs, 112

Signals, word, 51, 81-82

Slang:

usage labels, in dictionary, 507

in writing, 530

so as coordinating word, 108, 390, 489-490

Space signals, 82

Specific details, (see Details, specific)

Specific words, using, 102-103

Spelling (see also Commonly confused words):

basic word list, 511-515

dictionary, using for, 500-501, 509

electronic aids, 515

improving, methods of, 509-515

personal list, 732

rules for, 510-511

Stacks, book, in library, 314-315

Subject(s):

compound, 363, 421

pronouns as, 362, 432-434, 539

repeated, avoiding, 539

in sentence, 361-363

separated from verb by words, 419

special singular, 422, 427

verbs, agreement with, 418-424

verbs before, 420

Subject or title of reading, 582

Subordinating words (see Dependent words)

Subordination, 109-110, 394-395

Supporting paragraphs in essays, 289

Support in writing, 4, 49-57, 67-76, 79-96, 134-135

evaluating paragraphs for, 147-149

Syllabication, in dictionary, 501

Syme, S. Leonard, “People Need People,” 702-710

Synonyms:

as connecting words, 86

in the dictionary, 507-508

Talking versus writing, 4

“Television Changed My Family Forever” (Ellerbee), 680-686

Term paper (see Research paper)

Tests of sentence skills:

achievement, 571-576

diagnostic, 355-359

than, then, 523

the, 535-539

with proper nouns, 538

with specific nouns, 537

their, there, they're, 523

then, than, 523

there, at beginning of sentences, 540

Thesis statement (thesis sentence), 283, 284, 286

they're, their, there, 523

-thing words, 422

Third-person point of view, 101

though, thought, 527

threw, through, 523

“Tickets to Nowhere” (Rooney), 611-616

Time, prepositions used for, 548

Time order in organizing details, 80, 88-89, 152

combined with emphatic order, 81, 90

Time signals, 82

Title page, 342

Titles:

of articles, 482

of books, 482

capitalization in, 460

of chapters, 482

of magazines, 482

of movies, 482

of newspapers, 482

of a paper, 452-453, 460

of persons, 462

of plays, 482

of poems, 482

punctuation of, 460

quotation marks versus underlining, 482

of record albums,482

of short stories, 482

of songs, 482

of television shows, 482

To:

fragment, 375

preceding verb, 364

word group, beginning with, 111

to, too, two, 524

Topic outlines, 335

Topics:

choosing for research, 57-59, 329-332

knowing, 162-163

limiting in writing, 57-59, 329-332

Topic sentence, 5, 57-67

common errors in, 57-59

in essay, 284

the two parts of, 60-61

Traditional patterns of paragraph development, 161

Transitional sentences in essays, 289

Transitional words, 393

Transitions, 81-84

Two, to, too, 524

Underlining titles, 482-483

Unity in writing, 132-133, 142-146

(see also Point, making a)

Usage:

commonly confused words, 519-528

dictionary labels as guide to, 507

Variety, sentence, 107-114

Verb(s), 361-364

agreement with subjects, 418-424

auxiliary, 363-364

be, forms of, 404

before gerunds and infinitives, 541-544

before subject, 420

compound, 363

consistency of, 99

dialect and standard forms, 400-402, 404-405

do, forms of, 405

endings, 409-410

finding, 361-362

gerunds after, 541-542

Verb(s)—Cont.

have, forms of, 405

helping, 363

infinitives after, 541-543

irregular, 404-405, 409-417

list of, 410-413

principal parts of, 404-405

linking, including, 539-540

participles, 111, 410, 411-413, 505

as parts of sentences, 361-364

past tense endings, 402-403, 410

present tense endings, 401-402, 410

progressive tense of, not using certain, 540-541

regular, 410

sentences, as part of, 361-364

in sentence variety, 107-114

separated from subject by words, 419

in a series, 112

standard, 401-408

subjects, agreement with, 418-424

before subjects, 420

tense, consistent, 99

Verderber, Rudolph F., “Dealing with Feelings,” 672-679

Vocabulary development, 505-506, 516-518, 582

with regular reading, 516

with study books, 518

with wordsheets, 516-517

Vocabulary in context, 582

Vowel sounds, 502

wear, where, 524

weather, whether, 524

well, good, 441

“What Good Families Are Doing Right” (Curran), 617-628

where, wear, 524

whether, weather, 524

whole, hole, 521

who's, whose, 524

Wine, Bill, “Rudeness at the Movies,” 687-693

Wong, Jade Snow, “Fifth Chinese Daughter,” 597-604

Wordiness, 105-106

Words, signal, 51, 81-82

Works cited, 336-340

model entries, 338-340

at the end of a paper, 337-340

within a paper, 336

sample page, 352

World Wide Web, 320

write, right, 522

Writing:

four steps in, 47-117

inventory, taking, 32-33

point of view in, 99

process, 17-45

as a process of discovery, 12-13

as a skill, 10-13

for a specific purpose and audience, 163

versus talking, 4

(see also Process, writing)

yet, as coordinating word, 108

your, you're, 525



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