Reported speech - jest to ewidentne obrzydzanie języka angielskiego i sposób na przyłapanie ucznia który przekształcając zdnaia zawsze o czymś zapomni. Polega ona na cytowaniu tego co ktoś powiedział. W tym celu stosujemy wile przydatnych czasowników czasem tylko reportujących jak say, tell, speak lub nie tylko reportującyh ale przekazujących intonację: Warn, mumble, grumble, whisper oraz specjalne jak insist, suppose, admit, deny.
Jeżeli któryś z tych czasowników jest w PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT lub FUTURE SIMPLE to zmiany w zdaniu przytaczanym dotyczą składni i zaimków, np.:
Joe, I'm going home
What has he said?
He has said he's going home.
Jeżeli któryś z czasowników reportujących jest w PAST SIMPLE dokonujemy następujących zmian:
inne słowa dotyczący czasu miejsca i ruchu
czasy wg zasady ONE TENSE BACK
zaimki
składnia
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Direct speach |
Reporter specach |
Here Ago Before Last week Next week
Now This These That This morning Today Tomorrow Tonight Yesterday |
There Before Earlier The week before The next week/the week after/the following week Then/that day/at the moment That/the Those/the That/the That morning That day The next daythe following day That night The day before/the previous day |
ad.2
PRESENT PAST
An: `I'm not thinking of you'
Be: `What did she say about me?'
She said she wasn't thinking about you.
A: I never drink whisky before breakfast.
B: What did he tell you?
C: he told me he never drank whisky before breakfast.
A: I've met her before.
B: What did you say?
A: I said I had met her earlier.
A: She's been expecting you to phone her.
B: What did she tell you?
A: She told me she had been expecting ………..
PAST PAST PERFECT
A: I was waiting for you yesterday.
B: What did she say?
A: She said she had been waiting for you the previous day.
A: She wasn't at home while her house was burgled.
B: What did the police tell you about her?
A: The police told me she hadn't been at home while her house had been burgled.
Inne zmiany:
WILL WOULD
CAN COULD/BE ABLE TO
MUST HAD TO - ale nie zawsze
FIRS CON. SECOND CON.
SECOND CON. THIRD CON.
MAY MIGHT
QUESTIONS
Jeżeli zaczynają się od inwersji to pytanie zamieniamuy na zdanie wprowadzając je do zdania zależnego przy pomocy IF lub WHETHER.
A: Do you love me?
B: She wanted know if (whether) loved her.
A: Have you always lived in that old house?
B: She wanted to know if (whether) I had always lived in that (the) house.
UWAGA
W powyższych zdaniach IF i WHETHER możemy używać zamiennie, jednakże w pytaniach dotyczących wyboru stosujemy tylko WHETHER np.:
A: Do you want coffee or tea?
B: They asked me whether I wanted coffee or tea?
Również w zdaniach typu WHETHER....OR NOT nie wolno nam użyć IF!!!
A: Are you going to tell the truth or not?
B: She asked me whether I was going to tell her the truth or not.
UWAGA 2
Wyjątkiem jest także przekształcanie następuące:
A: Is he coming or not?
W konstrukcje:
B: Did he say whether he was coming or not.
WH' questions - czyli pytania zaczynające się od WHAT, WHERE, WHEN etc.
Postępujemy identycznie jak powyżej zmieniając składnie i czas ale wprowadzamy pytanie słowem pytajnym
A: Where did you go this summer?
B: He wondered where we had gone that summer.
A: Who built that castle?
B: She asked me who had built that (the) castle.
COMMANDS AND BANS
A: Do it again!
B: Talk to me!
Przekształcamy na OSOBA REPORTED VERB `zaimek' to infinitive.
A: They told me to do it again.
B: She begged me to talk to her.
A: Don't tell her what I've said to you.
B: Don't look at me that way.
Przekształcamy na OSOBA REPORTED VERB `zaimek' not to infinitive.
A: He told me not to don't tell her what he had said.
B: He asked me not to look at him that way.
OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS
Konstrukcje typu let's, why not, how about (+GERUND) przekształcamy na: OSOBA+SUGGESTED+GERUND OSOBA+SUGGESTED (THAT)+OSOBA+SHOULD,COULD DO SOMETHING
A: Let's go swimming/how abort swimming?
B: He suggested going swimming (stosujemy gdy propozycja dotyczy wszystkich)/He suggested that we should go swimming.
A: Why not get your hair cut?
B: The teacher suggested I could get my hair cut.
Jeżeli zdania zawierają oferty pomocy gratulację odmowy etc. Stosujemy ukrytą REPORTED SPEECH w kilku typowych zestawieniach np.:
verb+preposition+gerund eg: insist (on)
No way! I'll pay for the dinner!
He insisted on paying for the dinner.
A: You are not going out anywhere today, you're staying at home!
B: He insisted on her not going out and staying at home.
verb+osoba+preposition+gerund eg: congratulate (on)
You've just won the first prize!
He congratulated me on wining the first prize!
Typu: tell, recomend, order, Warn,