Sentence adverbs

Sentence adverbs

Disjunct


Definition: A disjunct is a type of adverbial that expresses information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is consider to be the speaker’s or writer’s attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the positional content of the sentence.


Etymology: From the Latin, "to separate"


For example:


* “Fortunately” shows us that the speaker was pleased about the result of the action.


More generally, the term disjunct can be used to refer to any sentence element that is not fully integrated into the causal structure of the sentence. Such elements usually appear peripherally (at beginning or end of the sentence) and are set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma (in writing) and a pause (in speech).


Disjuncts are evaluative

The express the speaker’s:

Judgment of the truth of the utterance (modal disjuncts)

For example:



The speaker’s evaluation of a fact (fact-evaluating disjuncts)

For example:



The speaker’s comment on his/her own wording of the sentence

For example:



On the speaker’s comment on the subject referent (subject-evaluating disjuncts)

For example:


* She was wise to spend the money.


Examples:


Adjunct


Definition: An adjunct is part of a sentence and modifies the verb to show time, manner, place, frequency and degree.


Etymology: From the Latin, "join"


Certain parts of a sentence may convey information about how, when, or where something happened:


Examples:



The underlined constituents here are ADJUNCTS. From a syntactic point of view, adjuncts are optional elements, since their omission still leaves a complete sentence:


Examples:



Adjuncts can be categorized in terms of the functional meaning that they contribute the phrase, clause, or sentence in which they appear. The following list of the semantic functions is by no means exhaustive, but it does include most of the semantic functions of adjuncts identified in the literature on adjuncts:


For example:


The ladder collapsed because it was old. (reason)

She went out to buy some bread. (purpose)


For example:


Lorna went out although it was raining.


For example:


I would go to Paris, if I had the money.


For example:


It rained so hard that the streets flooded.


For example:

Mr. Bibby wrote the letter with a pencil.


For example:


She sat on the table. (locative)


For example:


I am completely finished.

That is mostly true.

We want to stay in part.


For example:


They probably left.

That is perhaps possible.


For example:


He ran with difficulty. (manner)

He stood in silence. (state)

He helped me with my homework. (limiting)


For example:


He arrived yesterday. (time point)

He stayed for two weeks. (duration)

She drinks in that bar every day. (frequency)




EXERCISE


Adjunct or Disjunct?


Which the highlighted following expressions are adjuncts and disjuncts?


The alarm went off again last night. -………………………………

Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot.-………………………………….

Simon drinks his pints like a demon.-……………………………….

Honestly, I didn't do it.-…………………………………….

She buries all her toys wherever Ollie buries his.- ……………………..

Unfortunately, Kim has had to leave us.-………………………………..

In my opinion, the green one is better.-……………………………..

Sam opened the door with a hammer.-……………………………….

Honestly, I couldn't believe it.-………………………………………..

Fortunately for you, I have it right here.-…………………………..







EXERCISE


Adjunct or Disjunct?


Which the highlighted following expressions are adjuncts and disjuncts?


The alarm went off again last night. -………………………………

Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot.-………………………………….

Simon drinks his pints like a demon.-……………………………….

Honestly, I didn't do it.-…………………………………….

She buries all her toys wherever Ollie buries his.- ……………………..

Unfortunately, Kim has had to leave us.-………………………………..

In my opinion, the green one is better.-……………………………..

Sam opened the door with a hammer.-……………………………….

Honestly, I couldn't believe it.-………………………………………..

Fortunately for you, I have it right here.-…………………………..





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