Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne

XIV/2001, 29-35

Ks. Ryszard R

UMIANEK

52=80,(1,(0,(5&,: STARYM TESTAMENCIE

7UHü:SURZDG]HQLH%LEOLMQHRNUHOHQLDPLHUFL1DWXUDPLHUFLZHGáXJ6WDUHJR7HVWDPHQWX

2F]HNLZDQLHQLHPLHUWHOQRFLL*\FLHSozagrobowe w Starym TestamenFLH=DNRF]HQLH

1. Wprowadzenie

)\FLHOXG]NLHZHZV]\VWNLFKF]DVDFKQD]QDF]RQHE\áRPLHUFL3U]\ELHUDáRRQR

Uy*QRURGQHNLHUXQNLDOHZV]HONLHG]LDáDQLD]PLHU]Dá\GRMHGQHJRXVWDOHQLD*HF]áo-

ZLHNPXVLVLOLF]\üRVWDWHF]QLH]HPLHUFL)DNWWHQMHVWQDMEDUG]LHMSHZQ\LQLe-

XQLNQLRQ\VSRUyGZV]\VWNLFK]GDU]HOXG]NLFK-HGQRF]HQLHQDSDZDRQF]áRZLHND

]GXPLHQLHPLONLHP=PXV]DWH*GRSRGHMPRZDQLDZ\VLáNyZDE\]UR]XPLHüVHQV

*\FLDLPLHUFL

Wszystkie znane nam kultury

ZLDGF]R]PDJDQLXVLF]áRZLHND]NRFHPMHJR

*\FLD

1

1D*\FLXOXG]NLPF]VWRRGFLVNDáRVLSLWQRUH]\JQDFML:UH]\JQDFMLLVFHp-

W\F\]PLHRGNU\üPR*QDMHGQDN*\MFWVNQRW/XG]NRü]DPNQLWDMHVWZSHZQHM

SU]HVWU]HQL F]DVRZHM 1LH PD ZáDFLZLH V]F]HJyOQHM Uy*QLF\ PLG]\ ZVSyáF]HQLH

*\MF\PLOXG(PLNWyU]\SR]ZDODM]DPUD*DüVZRMHFLDáD]QDG]LHM*HNLHG\R*\M

X]GURZLRQHDQLH]QDQ\PLOXG(PL]HSRNLNDPLHQQHMNWyU\FKJURE\]RVWDá\RGNU\WH

ZýDWDO-+&\&NZSRáXGQLRZHM$]ML0QLHMV]HM

2

6WRJURE\ starsze od znanych nam

Z\NRSDOLVN]-HU\FKDQD%OLVNLP:VFKRG]LH:V]G]LHLVWQLDáDWURVNDRSUDZLGáRZ\

VSRVyEFKRZDQLD]PDUá\FK6WDQRZLWRRF]\ZLVW\GRZyG*HZ-W\VLFOHFLXSU]HG

&KUPXVLDáDLVWQLHüZLDUDZ*\FLHSRPLHUFLL]DZLDW\

0DP\WDN*HZLDGHFWZDOLWHUDFNLH]NWyU\FKWU]HEDZ\PLHQLüSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP

OLWHUDWXUPH]RSRWDPVN

3

5R]ZD*DRQDPLHUüMDNRNRQLHF*\FLD1LHPDWX*DGQHM

G\VNU\PLQDFMLPRUDOQHMJG\*VSRW\NDRQDZV]\VWNLFK:\VWSXMHMHGQDNSHZLHQU\V

SHV\PLVW\F]Q\:]ZL]NX]HPLHUFLOXG]LHSRZLQQLNRU]\VWDüQD]LHPL]SU]\MHm-

QRFLJG\*QLHPDLQQHMQDG]LHL)\FLHEH]NRFDUH]HUZXMGODVLHELHW\ONRERJRZLH

:V]\VWNLH ZLDGHFWZD OLWHUDFNLH ]DP\NDM VL Z JUDQLFDFK MHGQHJR W\VLFOHFLD

:\QLNDVWGZQLRVHN*HQDMVWDUV]HZLDGHFWZDSLVHPQHSRFKRG]]RNUHVXSHZQHJR

1

Por. R. K

RAWCZYK

, "Koncepc

MDPLHUFLZ6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLHZT

(1)(

, Stary Testament - Biblia

FKU]HFLMDQLQDG]LVLDM, Siedlce 1985, 107.

2

Por. O. P

/*(5

, "Tod und Jenseits im Alten Testament", w: H. J. K

LIMKEIT

, Jenseits im Glauben der

9ONHU Wiesbaden 1978, 77.

3

ANET, 96.

30

K

S

.

R

YSZARD

R

UMIANEK

URG]DMXRVLHGOHQLDVLRNUHORQ\FKJUXSVSRáHF]Q\FK3U]HPLDQD]QRPDGyZQDRVLe-

GOHFyZSRGREQDE\áDGRWHMMDNSU]H*\OLFLNWyU]\ZSy(QLHMV]\PRNUHVLHSU]HV]OL

] ZDUXQNyZ DJUDUQ\FK GR SU]HP\VáRZHJR VW\OX *\FLD

4

Przemiana egzystencji, z

Sá\QQHMLVZRERGQHMQDVWDáLEDUG]LHM]RUJDQL]RZDQVSRZRGRZDüPXVLDáD]QDF]QH

SU]HZDUWRFLRZDQLHZLDWRSRJOGRZH:V]\VWNRWR]QDOD]áRVZRMHRGELFLHZWHPDWy-

FHPLHUFLWDN*HZ6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLH

%LEOLMQHRNUHOHQLDPLHUFL

%LEOLD]DMPXMHVLPLHUFLSRQLHZD*MHVWWRZLHONLSUREOHP]ZL]DQ\]*\FLHP

-HVWWRSHZQHJRURG]DMXSDUDGRNVDOHSU]HFLH**\FLHMHVWQDMZ\*V]U]HF]\ZLVWRFL

Z LVWQLHQLX F]áRZLHND 2G SLHUZV]\FK UR]G]LDáyZ .VLJL 5RG]DMX PLHUü ]DJUD*D

F]áRZLHNRZLMDNRQDMZLNV]H ]áR LGUF]\ XP\Vá F]áRZLHNDMDNRQLH]QDQHL EDUG]R

NáRSRWOLZHRUD]GUF]FH]MDZLVNR/XG]LHZ%LEOLLP\OHOLRQLHMSRGREQLHMDN$JDJ

NUyO$PDOHNLWyZÄ-DNDMHVWJRU\F]PLHUFL´6P

1DRNUHOHQLHPLHUFLZ6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLHZ\VWSXMHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPVáRZR

„mawet”, które pochodzi od czasownika „mut” -

XPLHUDüàF]QLH]DFKRG]LWHQUG]H

KHEUDMVNL Z Uy*Q\FK IRUPDFK JUDPDW\F]Q\FK D* UD]\

5

1DMF]FLHM PDP\ WR

VáRZRZ.VLG]H/LF]EUD]\Z.VLG]H5RG]DMXUD]\Z6m (83 razy), w

6PUD]\Z.UOUD]\Z.VLG]H-HUHPLDV]DUD]\Z.UOUD]\L

Z .VLG]H :\MFLD UD]\ &LHNDZD U]HF] *H VáRZR WR Z QLHNWyU\FK .VLJDFK

6WDUHJR7HVWDPHQWXQLH Z\VWSXMH Z RJyOH &KRG]LWX R QDVWSXMFH.VLJL-Rela,
Abdiasza, Micheasza, Nahuma, Sofoniasza, Aggeusza, Malachiasza, Daniela i Nehe-
miasza.

:1RZ\P7HVWDPHQFLHRGSRZLHGQLNLHPKHEUDMVNLHJRVáRZDÄPDZHW´MHVWJUHc-

kie „thánatos”, a czasownika „mut” -

ÄWKDQDWyR´àF]QLHVáRZDWHZ\VWSXM

razy.

6

1DMF]FLHM]RVWDá\RQHX*\WHZ/LFLHZ3DZáD$SRVWRáDGR5]\PLDQ

UD]\LZ$SRNDOLSVLHUD]\1LHPDP\LFKQDWRPLDVWZRJyOHZ/LFLHGR*DOa-

WyZ(IH]MDQL/LFLHGR7HVDORQLF]DQ/LFLHGR7\PRWHXV]DGR7\WXVD)LOe-
mona, 2 Piotra, 2 i 3 Jan

DLZ/LFLHZ-XG\:(ZDQJHOLDFKVáRZRÄWKiQDWRV´Rd-

QRVLVLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGRPLHUFL3DQD-H]XVDQDWRPLDVWXZ3DZáDGRPLHUFL

OXG]NLHM7U]HEDWH*SRGNUHOLü*HZ1RZ\P7HVWDPHQFLHZ\VWSXMHWDN*HLQQHVáo-

ZRQDRNUHOHQLHXPLHUDQLDDPLDQRZLFLHÄDSRWKQHVNR´NWyUH]RVWDáRX*\WHUa-
zy.

7

6áRZRWRXV\QRSW\NyZW\ONRQLHNLHG\MHVWX*\WHZ]ZL]NX]HPLHUFL3DQD

-H]XVD1DWRPLDVWXZ3DZáDRZLHOHF]FLHMLWRQDED]LHIRUPXá\Ä&KU\VWXVXPDUá
za nasze grzechy” (1 Kor 15,3).

W Nowym Testam

HQFLHQDRNUHOHQLHPLHUFLPDP\MHV]F]HVáRZRÄNRLPDRPDL´

NWyUHFLOHR]QDF]DVSDü

8

-HVWRQRRGSRZLHGQLNLHPKHEUDMVNLHJRVáRZDÄV]DNDE´-

4

Por. O. P

/*(5

, dz. cyt., 78.

5

G. G

ERLEMAN

, "mut sterben", w: THAT, t. I, 893n.

6

W.F. M

OULTON

-

A.S.

G

EDEN

, A Concordance to the Greek Testament, Edinburgh 1974, 435-437.

7

7DP*H, 90n.

8

Por. L. C

OENEN

, "Morte/Katheudo, koimaomai", w: DCBNT, 1045n.

R

2=80,(1,(0,(5&,:

S

TARYM

T

ESTAMENCIE

31

OH*HüSRáR*\üVLGRVQXVSDü]NLP2]QDF]DRQRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPVHQIL]\F]Q\L

QLJG\QLHMHVWX*\WHZ]QDF]HQLXPLHUFL&]DVHPMHVWRQRX*\WHZ]QDF]HQLXSU]HQo-

Q\PQDRNUHOHQLHPLHUFLÄ$OHJG\]DVQ]P\PLSU]RGNDPLZ\SURZDG]LV]PQLH]
Egiptu i pochowasz w ich grobie” (Rdz 47,30).

3RQDGWR1RZ\7HVWDPHQWQDRNUHOHQLHPLHUFLPDWDN*HVáRZRÄQHNURV´:\VW

puje ono 124 razy.

9

3U]HZD*QLH MHVW RGSRZLHGQLNLHP KHEUDMVNLHJR VáRZD ÄPHW´ -

PLHUü

10

3U]\ F]\P ZDUXQHN PLHUFL Z 1RZ\P 7HVWDPHQFLH QLH R]QDF]DVWDGLXP

NRFRZHJR*\FLDF]áRZLHNDDOHMHVWSRG]QDNLHP]PDUWZ\Fhwstania Chrystusa.

:LGDü]DWHP*HWHPDWPLHUFLZ\VWSXMHZ%LEOLLQLHZHZV]\VWNLFK.VLJDFKL]

Uy*Q\PQDW*HQLHP,QWHUSUHWDFMDPLHUFL]DUyZQRZ6WDU\PMDNLZ1RZ\P7HVWa-

PHQFLH PD VZyM DXWHQW\F]Q\ UR]ZyM ] XZ]JOGQLHQLHP QRZ\FK HOHPHQWyZ NWyUH

VWRSQLRZR GRMU]HZDá\ Z ,]UDHOX : WHQ VSRVyE PLHUü MHVW UyZQLH* SDUDGRNVDOQLH

MHGQ]EDUG]LHMZ\UD(Q\FKSUyE*\ZRWQRFLLUR]ZRMXRUG]LDELEOLMQHJR

PLHUüR]QDF]DZ%LEOLLNRQLHF*\FLDVSRZRGRZDQ\QDWXUDOQ\PELHJLHPDOER]

SRZRGXFKRURE\PR*HR]QDF]DüWDN*HPLHUüGXFKRZ

11

Jest ona faktem powszech-

n

\PLFRG]LHQQ\PGRZLDGF]HQLHP

1DWXUDPLHUFLZHGáXJ6WDUHJR7HVWDPHQWX

:6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLHPLHUüMHVWUR]XPLDQDMDNRNRQLHF*\FLRZ\FKV\PSWRPyZ

koniec egzystencji. Istnieje nieprzekraczalna granica, która jest kryterium ludzkiego i

]ZLHU]FHJRE\WXSR]DNWyUPR*QDPyZLüW\ONRRFLHOH%DUG]RWUDIQLHIRUPXáXMHWR

ZS\WDQLX.VLJD+LREDÄ&]\XPDUá\F]áRZLHNPR*H]QRZX*\ü"´+L

=RSLVXVWZRU]HQLDF]áRZLHNDZ\QLND*HGRSLHURJG\%yJWFKQáZMHJRQR]GU]D

WFKQLHQLH*\FLDVWDáVLRQLVWRW*\Z-ÄQHIHV]KDMMDK´5G]7RWFKQLHQLH%R*H

QLHMHVWGDQHF]áRZLHNRZLQDVWDáH-HVWRQR]DOH*QHRG3DQD%RJD:E\FLHOXG]NLP
jest ponadto zawarty jego aspekt materialny -

FLDáRSRKHEUÄEDDU´=DZLHUDVLWX

Z\NáDGQLNWHJRFRZF]áRZLHNXMHVW]QLV]F]DOQHSRFKRG]FH]SURFKX]LHPLLSRZo-

áDQHGRSRZURWXGR]LHPL

12

7U]HEDWH*SRGNUHOLü*HGODQDVVáRZRÄPLHUü´Z\ZRáXMHVNRMDU]HQLHDNWXXPLe-

UDQLD1DWRPLDVWGOD)\GyZPLHUüE\áDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPVWDQHP7HQZáDQLHVWDQ

EXG]LáGX*\QLHSRNyMLUy*QHUHDNFMH3U]\F]\PONSU]HGPLHUFLGRW\F]\áQLHW\OH

VDPHJRPRPHQWXPLHUFLLOHUDF]HMWHJRFRSRWHPQDVWSL

:6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLHPR*QDZ\Uy*QLüSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPPLHUüQLHRGZRáDOQ

WR]QDF]\PLHUüEH]SRZURWX

13

7DNZáDQLHPLHUFLXPLHUDá$EUDKDPÄ=EOL*\áVL

NUHVMHJR*\FLDL]PDUáZSy(QHMVWDURFL´5G]3RGREQLHUR]XPLDáNUyO'a-

9

W.F. M

OULTON

-

A.S.

G

EDEN

, dz. cyt., 662n.

10

Por. L. C

OENEN

, "Morte/nekros", w: DCBNT, 1048.

11

Por. C. G

ANCHO

, "Morte", w: EB, t. 4, 1328 - 1338; F. Z

ORELL

, Lexicon graecum Novi Testamenti,

Paris 1961, 577n.

12

Por. M. F

ILIPIAK

,

%LEOLDRF]áRZLHNX=DU\VDQWURSologii biblijnej, Lublin 1979, 186.

13

Por. R. K

RAWCZYK

, dz. cyt., 108.

32

K

S

.

R

YSZARD

R

UMIANEK

ZLGNLHG\PyZLRVZRLP]PDUá\PV\QXÄ&]\]GRáDPJRZVNU]HVLü"-DSyMGGR

QLHJRDOHRQGRPQLHQLHZUyFL´6PPLHUüNWyUDNáDGáDNUHV*\FLXE\áD

SU]\MPRZDQDVSRNRMQLH3UREOHPHPQDWRPLDVWE\áDPLHUüSU]HGZF]HVQD1DSU]y-

NáDG(]HFKLDV] XEROHZD *H PXVLRGHMü ÄZ SRáRZLHVZRLFKGQL´,] 2ERN

PLHUFL RVWDWHF]QHM PDP\ Z %LEOLL ÄVIHU\´ PLHUFL

14

=DOLF]\ü WX PR*QD FKRURE\

JáyGZRMQ\SU]HODGRZDQLD:V]\VWNRWRVWDQRZLF]üZLDWDPLHUFL:W\FKGo-

ZLDGF]HQLDFKGDMHVLSRSURVWXZ\F]Xü]EOL*DQLHVLPLHUFL1LFZLFG]LZQHJR*H

F]áRZLHNFKRU\F]XMHVLMX*QLHMDNRÄSROiF]RQ\PLG]\XPDUá\FK´3V

1DOH*\WH*]DXZD*\ü*HZ6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLHLVWQLHMH]ZL]HNPLG]\PLHUFL

DJU]HFKHPPLHUüMHVW]HUZDQLHPSRSU]H]JU]HFKUHODFML]3DQHP%RJLHP.WRQLH

PDUHODFML]%RJLHPWHQMHVWZVWDQLHPLHUFLSRU+L0R*OLZRüXPLHUDQLDRG

VDPHJR SRF]WNX QDOH*\ GR QDWXUDOQHM VWUXNWXU\ E\WRZHM F]áRZLHND -X* Z UDMX Z
opisie Rdz 2-

PR*QD ]DXZD*\ü UR]Uy*QLHQLH PLG]\ PLHUFL ]DVáX*RQ ] ZLQ\

F]áRZLHNDDPLHUFLQDWXUDOQPLHUüSU]HGZF]HVQDMHVWX]QDZDQDZ6WDU\P7e-

VWDPHQFLH]DPLHUüQDOH*Q&KRG]LWXRVSUDZLHGOLZRGSáDW

Ä&KFHV]GDZQHMGURJLVLWU]\PDü

NWyUNURF]\OLZ\VWSQL"

&LSRJLQOLSU]HGF]DVHP

SRZyG(LPJUXQWDSRNU\áD´+LQ

:\GDMHVL*HSUDZRGDZVWZRL]UDHOVNLH]DZLHUDáRJUR(EPLHUFLGODXQLNQLFLD

SU]HGZF]HVQHMPLHUFLÄ.áDGG]LSU]HGWRE*\FLHLV]F]FLHPLHUüLQLHV]F]

FLH´3ZW3RGREQHWUHFL]QDMGXMHP\ZRUG]LXSURURNyZÄ6]XNDMFLH0QLH

D*\üEG]LHFLH´$P=DWHPF]áRZLHNSRVLDGDSHZQPRFSU]HFLZNRPLHUFLR

LOHMHVWSRVáXV]Q\SUDZRP*\FLD

:ND*G\PUD]LHPLHUüQLHMHVWSU]\SDGNLHPDOHQLHXEáDJDOQ\PSUDZHPQDWu-

U\RGNWyUHJRQLF*\MFHJRQLHPR*HVLXFK\OLü:\UD(QLH]5G]Z\QLND*H

F]áRZLHN MHVW ] QDWXU\ PLHUWHOQ\ D QLHPLHUWHOQRü MHVW Z\áF]QLH SU]\ZLOHMHP
Pana Boga:

Ä3RF]\P-DKZH%yJU]HNá2WRF]áRZLHNVWDáVLWaki jak My:

]QDGREURL]áRQLHFKDMWHUD]QLHZ\FLJQLHSU]ySDGNLHPUNL

DE\]HUZDüRZRFWDN*H]GU]HZD*\FLD]MHüJRL*\üQDZLHNL´

7HQSRJOGRF]áRZLHNXMDNRLVWRFLHPLHUWHOQHMSU]HMáDLUR]ZLQáDSRWHPOLWHUa-

WXUDPGURFLRZD

15

PLHUüMHVWSU]H]QDF]HQLHPZV]\VWNLFKOXG]L-HVWRQDÄPLHMVFHP

VSRWNDQLDZV]\VWNLFKLVWRW*\Z\FK´+L2GWHJRSU]H]QDF]HQLDQLHPDZ\Mt-

NyZÄ7DNLMHVWZ\URNZ\GDQ\SU]H]3DQDQDZV]HONLHFLDáR´6\U8PLHUDM

ZLFOXG]LH]DUyZQRZSy(Q\PZLHNXMDNLV\FL*\FLDSRU5G]:áDFLZLH

PLHUüF]áRZLHNDMHVWIDNWHPQLHZ\PDJDMF\PZ\MDQLHQLDÄ3DPLWDM*HZV]\VF\

SRPU]HP\´ 6\U &]áRZLHN PD GR SU]H*\FLD W\ONR SHZQ RNUHORQ OLF]E ODW

SRU3V6\U1DMZD*QLHMV]HMHGQDN*HLVWQLHMHRJURPQDUy*QLFDPLG]\

14

Por. M. F

ILIPIAK

, dz. cyt., 187.

15

Por. P. G

RELOT

PLHUüZ67%

R

2=80,(1,(0,(5&,:

S

TARYM

T

ESTAMENCIE

33

PLHUFLFLHOHVQDGXFKRZSRU0GU-:W\PSRU]GNXPLHUüFLHOHVQDQLH

MHVWZáaFLZPLHUFL

16

2F]HNLZDQLHQLHPLHUWHOQRFLL*\FLHSR]DJURERZHZ6WDU\P7HVWDPHQFLH

6WDURWHVWDPHQWDOQDNRQFHSFMDF]áRZLHNDMHVWSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPFLOHSRZL]DQD]

*\FLHP QD ]LHPL )\FLH MHGQDN U]XWXMH QD FKZLO NWyUD EG]LH NRFHP ZV]\VWNLFK

F]DVyZ ]DUyZQR Z *\FLXMHGQRVWNLMDNLFDáHMOXG]NRFL7HNVW\ ELEOLMQH PyZLR

SU]\V]á\PLVWQLHQLXL*\FLXSR]DJURERZ\PFKRüQLHVWROLF]QHWHNVW\LQDRJyáPDáR
optymistyczne.

: ND*G\P UD]LH 6WDU\ 7HVWDPHQW SU]HGVWDZLD PLHUü QLH MDNR FDáNRZLWH XQLFe-

VWZLHQLHF]áRZLHND

17

%RZLHPJG\FLDáRF]áRZLHNDVSRF]\ZDZJURELHFR]H]PDr-

áHJRLVWQLHMHQDGDOZNUDLQLH]PDUá\FK&KRG]LWXRV]HRO

18

, który jest rozumiany jako

RWFKáD]QDMGXMFDVLJáERNRSRG]LHPL-HVWWRPLHMVFHNDU\SRU,]LRGGa-

OHQLDRG3DQD%RJDSRU3V6WDPWGQLHPDSRZURWXSRU3VL]PDUOLLG

Z]XSHáQH]DSRPQLHQLHSRU

Stary Testament widz

LDáMHGQDNPR*OLZRüRFDOHQLD]WHMNUDLQ\]PDUá\FKSU]H]

3DQD%RJDÄ/HF]%yJ]NUDLQ\]PDUá\FKGXV]PZ\]ZROLSU]H]WR*HPQLHZH(
mie do nieba” (Ps 49,16).

19

6]HROVWDZDáVLZWHG\PLHMVFHPSU]HMFLRZ\PZNWyU\P

oczekiwano na zbawienie. Prawda ta jednak powoli dojrze

ZDáD

1DMSLHUZ6WDU\7HVWDPHQWPyZLRSRáF]HQLXVLF]áRZLHNDXPLHUDMFHJR]HVZo-

LPLSU]RGNDPLSRU5G]6P&KRG]LWXRZ\UD*HQLHÄ]DVQü]HVZ\PL

SU]RGNDPL´ZNWyU\PZ\UD(QLHQLHPyZLVLRMDNLP*\FLXSRPLHUFLDOHPR*QD

GRSDWU\ZDüVLQLHMDVQHJRSU]HF]XFLDQLHPLHUWHOQRFLF]áRZLHND

:LQQ\FKWHNVWDFK6WDUHJR7HVWDPHQWXMHVW]DZDUWHSU]HNRQDQLH*H3DQ%yJSo-

VLDGDZáDG]QDG*\Z\PLLXPDUá\PLF]\OLMHVW3DQHP*\FLDLPLHUFLSRU$P-

(]Q:ND*G\PZ\SDGNXWR%yJGHF\GXMHRW\P*HF]áRZLHNRG]\VNXMH

]GURZLH L *\FLH OXE XPLHUD ,VWQLDáR SU]HNRQDQLH *H Z QLHEH]SLHF]HVWZLH PLHUFL

]ZUDFDQRVLGR%RJDJG\*2QMHVW(UyGáHP*\FLDÄ$OERZLHPZ7RELHMHVW(UyGáR

*\FLDLZ7ZHMZLDWáRFLRJOGDP\ZLDWáRü´3V3DQ%yJPR*HQLHW\ONR

FKURQLüF]áRZLHNDSU]HGPLHUFLDOHWDN*HSU]\ZUDFDü*\FLHXPDUá\PZLDGF]R

W\PFXGDZVNU]HV]HGRNRQDQHSU]H]SURURNyZ(OLDV]DL(OL]HXV]DSRU.UO-
23; 2 Krl 4,29-37; 13,21).

:áDG]3DQD%RJDQDGPLHUFLLJUREHPZVSRVyEV]F]HJyOQ\SRGNUHODZL]MD

R*\ZLHQLDNRFLZWHNFLH(]-14.

20

:Uy*Q\VSRVyESUyEXMHVLWZL]MLQWHrpre-

WRZDü&]\FKRG]LWXROLF]HEQHSRPQR*HQLHLRGQRZLHQLHQDURGRZHF]\WH*MHVWWX

]DZDUWDLGHD]PDUWZ\FKZVWDQLDFLDá":\GDMHVL*HZSHU\NRSLH(]-14 nie za-

16

Por. M. F

ILIPIAK

, dz. cyt., 200.

17

7DP*H, 202.

18

Por. P. G

RELOT

, dz. cyt., 940n.

19

Por. S.

à

ACH

- J.

à

ACH

,

.VLJD3VDOPyZ3R]QDQ

20

Por. R. R

UMIANEK

,

2UG]LH.VLJL(]HFKLHOD, Warszawa 1999, 163-170.

34

K

S

.

R

YSZARD

R

UMIANEK

ZLHUDVLEH]SRUHGQLRSUDZGDRSU]\V]á\P]PDUWZ\FKZVWDQLXFLDá:L]MDR*\ZLenia

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2=80,(1,(0,(5&,:

S

TARYM

T

ESTAMENCIE

35

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T

HE MEANING OF DEATH IN THE

O

LD

T

ESTAMENT

Summary

The existing huge number of the Ancient East literature works clearly prove that

death is the end of human life. Similarly, the problem of death is spoken out in the Old
Testament. The Holy Scripture raises up the issue of death, for it is a tremendous
problem related to life.

The death in the Old Testament is primarily defined with the word „mawet”,

which is directly related to the verb „mut” – to die. This word has been used about one
thousand times there.

Within the Biblical texts one can distinguish the irrevocable sense of death which

is forthcoming by disease, famine, wars and abuse.

The relation between death and sin is also visible on the pages of the Old Testa-

ment. For those who are just, death means no end but the gate leading to the life.
Therefore, according to the Old Testament, death doesn’t mean the eternal annihila-
tion of man.