Learning Greek - Lesson 1
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Elpenor's Greek Language Pages
LESSON 1
THE GREEK LETTERS
The Greek language (
)
Introduction
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
WE USE Greek today, even when we are not aware of it:
In a cosmopolitan epoch we don't sympathize with the apostles of
ethnical characters.
Maybe you wouldn't agree with the statement above. The point is, that this
sentence is clearly understood, despite of the fact that it is composed of
Greek words!
-
cosmopolitan
comes from the Greek words
cosmos
(world, ornament, beauty,
harmony, order) and
polites
(citizen)
-
epoch
is the Greek
epoche
-
sympathize
comes from
sympaschein
-
apostle
from
apostolos
-
ethnical
from
ethnicos
-
character
is exactly the same in Greek, but with the stress in the final syllable
(charactèr).
ANCIENT GREEK grammatical and syntactical forms confuse even modern Greeks. A
student today in Greece must put great efforts to actually read Homer or Plato, despite
of the identity of the alphabet or the almost common
and all the other
similarities. Yet, if one knows the purpose of study and loves it, all difficulties become
something like a game - whatever one's mother tongue might be.
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
READING a grammar book on the internet, I saw a claim that "there is one and the
same thing, that the Greeks call 'oikos' while we call it 'home'". If this is the case, we
must stop wasting our time to learn Ancient Greek! If "home" is the same in English and
Greek, just close the source and grammar books and do something useful - open the
translations. But if things were so simple, there wouldn't have been a variety of
translations of the same text, and, to stay to the present example, we wouldn't have
invented
(a word coming from oikos and legein).
IN THE BOOK of Genesis, God "brought the beasts unto Adam to see what he would
call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name
thereof." (Gen. 2.19). This excerpt always reminds me, that a living and real language is
not formed by someone sitting somewhere and deciding indifferently meanings and
forms. A formation of a language is how people respond to an extreme responsibility, to
a divine demand of a language, and it is primarily oriented towards life and the
particularity of life - the world of the particular living creatures. Our language in its
highest forms and most of all in poetry, indicates how deep is our gaze upon whatever
exists. Importance of communication as a dialogue concerning the primary truths and
the importance given to men and each living being, are the grounds of Greek theology,
philosophy and science.
EACH WORD, each syllable, each letter is the flesh and blood of people generating
their language, forming and making their world habitable. Learn to write the Greek
letters. Experiment on how it would be more convenient for you to draw them. Take
time to look at each letter with care, like a stranger you meet for the first time - although
you won't meet all of them for the first time: not only a large portion of words, but even
the English alphabet comes from the Greek.
The Greek Alphabet
Ancient & Modern
Alpha is the first letter, Beta the second and so starts the Greek alphabet, 24 letters in
capital and small forms; (cf. detailed pronunciation below):
Α
α,
Β
β,
Γ
γ,
Δ
δ,
Ε
ε,
Ζ
ζ,
Η
η,
Θ
θ,
Ι
ι,
Κ
κ,
Λ
λ,
Μ
µ,
Ν
ν,
Ξ
ξ,
Ο
ο,
Π
π,
Ρ
ρ,
Σ
σς*,
Τ
τ,
Υ
υ,
Φ
φ,
Χ
χ,
Ψ
ψ,
Ω
ω.
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
*
Note that
σ
is written as
ς
at the end of a word, e.g.
σός
(=yours) and is called
final sigma. In Byzantine Greek you will also find Σ written as C.
*
Note that the Greek
P
is the English R (this is how it sounds). What in English is
P in Greek is
Π
.
*
Note that
H
in Greek is a vowel, corresponding to the English E. Don't confuse
it's small version
η
with the English n. The English n in Greek is
ν
.
*
Don't confuse
ν
with the English v. The English v in Greek is
β
.
There are two more sounds in older Greek, that became useless. The one
corresponded to the letter F and was called "Digamma", since it was like
two Γ. It sounded like 'wo'. The other was a sound like y in the word year.
There was no letter for this sound, but to refer to it today we use the latin
j
.
_____
An introductory note to pronunciation
There is much talk about how ancient Greek was actually pronounced
and there isn't nor can it be a definite conclusion. Most grammar books
complicate things by trying to determine subtle nuances that no one really
knows. In this course we follow modern Greek pronunciation because it is
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
easier than what some scholars
propose, it is how the New
Testament was pronounced, and
it is alive and certain. You can
Elpenor's Communities about
this subject, and a study about
It is known that the
abandonment of prosody
(complete in medieval and
modern Greek) started to happen
already from the end of the 5th c.
B.C. - something
very much. Obviously, the reasons of this transformation, of this
subjugation of language's inherent music, is something worth studying.
Thinking was increasing its distance from language and preferred to lose
the certainty of whatever achieved in order to move towards unforeseen
realities. Essentially,
modern Greek pronunciation starts from Plato's time
;
we call it modern, not because it is young, but because it is still in use
today.
The Lord's Prayer (Pater Emon)
, narrated by Elli Lampeti
Modern Greek Audio Files (from 1 to 30 minute narrations)
Pronunciation (transliterated in English):
Transliteration is not the best way to describe how a word or a letter
sounds, but just a hint. Audio files should help you enough.
Letters followed by / indicate the accentuation, e.g. a/lpha means that the word
is stressed on "al".
The speaker beside each letter means that you can click on it to listen in Greek
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
(mp3 audio). If you place the player on some edge of the screen, you can let it
open to click on consecutive letters.
Recited for Elpenor by Yiannis Marangos
Α
α
(a/lfa)
Β
β
(vi/ta)
Γ
γ
(ga/mma
1
)
Δ
δ
(de/lta
2
)
Ε
ε
(e/psilon)
Ζ
ζ
(zi/ta)
Η
η
(i/ta)
Θ
θ
(thi/ta
3
)
Ι
ι
(yio/ta)
Κ
κ
(ka/ppa)
Λ
λ
(la/mda
4
)
Μ
µ
(mi)
Ν
ν
(ni)
Ξ
ξ
(xi)
Ο
ο
(o/mikron)
Π
π
(pi)
Ρ
ρ
(ro)
Σ
σς
(si/gma
5
)
Τ
τ
(taf)
Υ
υ
(y/psilon)
Φ
φ
(fi)
Χ
χ
(hi)
Ψ
ψ
(psi)
Ω
ω
(ome/ga
6
demonstrating how to write and
pronounce the Greek alphabet.
Cf.
The Lord's Prayer (Pater Emon)
narrated by Elli Lampeti
Modern Greek Audio Files (from 1 to 30
_____________
1 g in ga/mma is not pronounced like g in go, but like w in "wide" -> wamma Two
γγ
or a
γκ
are pronounced sometimes like ng in anger, (with a hardly noticeable n
sound: ἀναγκάζω), sometimes they become a stronger n sound and a γ , like in
συγγραφεύς. There are more nuances than these, but we won't see them right now.
2 d in de/lta is not pronounced like d in door, but like th in "that" -> thelta
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
3 th in the/ta is not pronounced like th in that, but like th in "therapy"
4 see 2 above for the d
5 see 1 above for the g
6 see 1 above for the g
More about pronunciation:
Αα
sounds like A in the word
"Attach"
Ββ
like V in "Vigor"
Γγ
like W in "Wide"
Δδ
like Th in "That"
Eε
like E in "Egg"
Ζζ
like Z in "Ζero"
Ηη
like E in "Free"
(don't confuse this
letter with the English H or n)
Θθ
like Th in "Therapy"
Ιι
like I in "If"
Κκ
like K in "Kilo"
Λλ
like L in "Lake"
Nν
like N in "No"
(don't confuse the
Greek ν with the English v)
Ξξ
like X in "Matrix"
Οο
like O in "Oasis"
Ππ
like P in "Paradise"
Ρρ
like R in "Road"
(don't confuse this
letter with the English Pp)
Σσς
like S in "See"
Ττ
like T in "Table"
Υυ
like E in "Ego"
Φφ
like F in "Free"
Χχ
like H in "Here"
(don't confuse this
letter with the English Xx)
Ψψ
like PS in "Epson"
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Μµ
like M in "Make"
Ωω
like O in "Orient"
- a Greek word for each letter
Practise extensively writing the letters and reading them aloud.
______________________________________
Groups of vowels and consonants
Here are the Greek letters divided in
vowels of long and/or short duration
and
7 kinds of consonants
:
Can be long or short:
Α
α,
Ι
ι,
Υ
υ
Smooth:
Κ
κ,
Π
π,
Τ
τ
Short:
Ε
ε,
Ο
ο
Rough:
Χ
χ,
Φ
φ,
Θ
θ
Long:
Η
η,
Ω
ω
Middle:
Β
β,
Γ
γ,
Δ
δ
Liquid:
Λ
λ,
Ρ
ρ
Nasal:
Μ
µ,
Ν
ν
Spirant:
Σ
σς
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Double:
Ζ
ζ,
Ξ
ξ,
Ψ
ψ
Memorize this list, especially the duration of the vowels, because you will need it later
to understand the use of accentuation marks.
Note: Double consonants (ζ, ξ, ψ) are named so, because they were formed by the
absorption of two letters. You can see below their origin, not always as obvious as e.g.
in π + σ giving ψ.
ζ
comes from σ
+
δ (Ἀθήνασδε -> Ἀθήναζε) or from δ
+
j
ξ
comes from κ
+
σ, or γ
+
σ, or χ
+
σ
ψ
comes from π
+
σ, or β
+
σ, or φ
+
σ.
Diphthongs (two sounds/letters united)
There are eleven pairs of letters, that we call diphthongs (δίφθογγοι = δύο
φθόγγοι, two sounds). They sound like one letter. For the moment it suffices to
know that
generally diphthogs are long
.
The main diphthongs are 8:
αι, ει, οι, υι - αυ, ευ, ηυ, ου
There are also three improper diphthongs:
ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ
- the subscript line is the
second vowel of the diphthongs and is an
ι
(called iota subscript)
Note how the diphthongs are pronounced:
αι is pronounced like a long ε
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
ει, οι and υι are pronounced like η
αυ is pronounced like αβ or αφ
*
ευ is pronounced like εβ or εφ
*
ηυ is pronounced like ηβ or ηφ
*
ου is pronounced like 'oo' in the English 'too'
*
By forcing air between the lower lip as it rests against the upper teeth (as in English).
When you see a diphthong with a diaeresis on the second vowel (like the
German umlaut: αϊ, etc., you pronounce two distinct vowels.
Improper diphthongs sound like there was not a second vowel (the iota
subscript).
ᾳ, sounds like α
ῃ like η
ῳ like ω
Elpenor's Second Lesson in Greek (Homer)
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Here is
A word for each letter
(You may want to come back here when you will have known Greek
enough to read
- Gregory the Theologian's Alphabetical
Exhortation - without translation.)
Learn them and practise their pronunciation
ΑΓΓΕΛΙΑ
= ANNOUNCEMENT (ANGELI/A)
ΒΕΝΘΟΣ
= DEPTH (VE/NTHOS) - synonym: ΒΑΘΟΣ (VA/THOS)
ΓΥΜΝΟΣ
= NAKED (GYMNO/S)
ΔΑΚΡΥΑ
= TEARS (DA/KRYA)
ΕΧΩ
= I HAVE, I CONTROL (E/HO)
ΖΩΗ
= LIFE (ZOE/)
ΗΜΕΡΑ
= DAY, DAYLIGHT (IME/RA)
ΘΕΟΣ
= GOD (THEO/S)
ΙΑΧΩ
= I CRY (IA/HO)
ΚΕΦΑΛΗ
= HEAD (KEFALI/)
ΛΑΙΜΟΣ
= NECK (LEMO/S)
ΜΗΤΗΡ
= MOTHER (MI/TIR)
ΝΕΚΥΣ
= CORPSE (NE/KIS)
ΞΕΝΟΣ
= STRANGER (XE/NOS)
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ΟΔΥΡΟΜΑΙ
= I WEEP (ODI/ROME)
ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟΝ
= FACE, PERSON (PRO/SOPON)
ΡΩΜΗ
= STRENGTH (RO/MI)
ΣΙΔΗΡΟΣ
= IRON - ARMOUR (SI/DIROS)
ΤΕΥΧΕΑ
= WEAPONS - VESSELS (TE/FHEA)
ΥΙΟΣ
= SON (YO/S)
ΦΗΜΙ
= I DECLARE, I SAY (FIMI/)
ΧΑΡΙΕΙΣ
= FULL OF GRACE (HARI/IS)
ΨΥΧΗ
= SOUL (PSYHI/)
ΩΔΗ
= ODE (ODI/)
* Transcribe the words above into small letters
The Lord's Prayer (Pater Emon)
, narrated by Elli Lampeti
Modern Greek Audio Files (from 1 to 30 minute narrations)
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Elements of the history of Greek language
Greek belongs to the Indoeuropean languages, together with Sanskrit, Latin,
Slavic, German, etc. It was the language of Danaoi, Iones, Achaeoi - the Greek
races that inhabited Greece in 2.000 B.C. - and Dorieis (1.100 B.C.). Before them
there lived in Greece Pelasgoi, from whom the new language kept some
elements,
like names of places ending in -nthos, -ssos, -ttos (e.g. Ko/rinthos,
Lycabetto/s), names of Mediterranean plants, like elaia (olive tree), etc. In
later years very few foreign words were adopted by Greeks, some Semitic,
like kados (bucket), some Persian, like paradeisos (paradise) and some
Egyptian, like baris (boat).
It has been said that Greeks modified the
Phoenicean (north-semetic) alphabet at
about 1000-850 B.C.
[cf. James Joyce, Ulysses: "
KYRIOS
! Shining word! The
vowels the Semite and the Saxon know not."]
The 'discovery' of the vowels is
considered by linguists as a crucial turn in World history, yet recent research
tends to reject the whole 'phoenicean theory', since evidence has appeared that
the consonants also are of Greek origin.
Greek evolved into three main dialects, the Ionian-Attic, the Aeolian and the
Dorian. In these dialects, and mainly in the Attic, we have all of the Ancient
Greek literature and most of the Byzantine works. A fourth dialect, the Arcadian-
Cyprian, did not produce any important literature, neither the Linear B writing.
The first work of literature written in Greek is the work of
.
The Ionian dialect was spoken in the area of the Aegean sea including also the
coast of Asia Minor from Alikarnassos to Phokaea and the Ionian colonies,
excluding some Aegean islands like Rhode, Kos and Lesvos. Because of the
greatness of the Ionian culture, Ionian was spread to Aeolean and Dorean
regions.
Some of the features of the Ionian dialect are the turn of α το η (e.g.
µήτηρ instead of µάτηρ), uncontracted forms (like κινέω instead of κινῶ),
etc.
, Theognis and most of the older Greek poetry is written in Ionian
mixed with Aeolian elements, as well as some of the prose, like
'
history. In later periods some authors used it again, like Apollonius from Rhode
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The Attic dialect is similar to Ionic with the differences we said,
mainly that it
maintains the letter α as a long vowel after ε, ι and ρ (e.g. Ionic ἁρµονίη in
Attic becomes ἁρµονία), it contracts two vowels (like in κινέω which
becomes κινῶ).
There is an older and a newer form of the Attic dialect with
minor differences between them. To the newer one belong authors who wrote
after 400 B.C. It is the dialect in which
and the philosophical works of
Aeolic was spoken at the coast of the Asia Minor from north of Smyrna to
Hellespondus, Lesvos, Thessaly and Boiotia. We know this dialect mainly from
and
and mixed with other dialects in Homer and later poetry,
mostly in Pindar.
In Aeolic contracted verbs end in -µι (e.g. instead of φιλῶ
in Aeolic we have φίληµι). Words with two or more syllables are not
accented in the ultima (last syllable), e.g. ἄγαθος instead of ἀγαθός, θῦµος
instead of θυµός. Verbs ending in two liquid or nasal consonants (λ, ρ, µ,
ν) maintain these consonants instead of expanding the preceding vowel (e.
g. κτέννω instead of κτείνω). After liquids (λ, ρ) Aeolic uses ο instead of α
(e.g. βροχὺς instead of βραχύς).
Doric is the dialect of the south and western regions of Greece (Peloponnesos
excepting Arcadia, Crete, Sicelia, Kyrenaice and the islands of Melos, Thera,
Rhode, Kos, Karpathos, Kalymnos).
Doric maintains α instead of η (e.g. ἁµέρα instead of the Ionic ἡµέρη). It
keeps verb endings in -τι or -ντι (e.g. τίθητι, ἴσαντι, etc.), it forms verb
endings in -µες instead of -µεν (e.g. φέροµες instead of φέροµεν), future
tense accented in the ultima instead of the penultima (e.g. δειξῶ instead of
δείξω, παιξοῦµαι instead of παίξοµαι) and in passive voice θησῶ instead
of θήσοµαι (e.g. συναχθησῶ instead of συναχθήσοµαι).
Pure Doric did not produce important literary works.
With
and the expansion of Greek culture, Attic produced
the koine (common) dialect of the Hellenistic period, which came to be spoken or
understood by people from Spain to India. This dialect, the dialect of the
, is very close to the Attic, but easier.
Some of its features are the
formation of comparative adjectives in -τερος instead of -ίων, a decrease of
use of the optative mood, the abolishment of the dual number.
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Modern Greek is in general more simplified than the Koine in its syntax and
grammar, but it has the same pronunciation, while being a little more difficult
because of a wide vocabulary and the use of grammatical and syntactical forms
of all the previous periods and dialects. However, anyone who knows some
ancient Greek dialect, can learn modern Greek just like learning another Greek
dialect.
RITTEN in one Greek dialect or
another there exists a massive
collection of important works, from the poems
of Homer and the philosophical works of Plato,
to the New Testament books, the Byzantine
works of the Christian Church, and the works
of modern Greek literature.
Although a great part of these has been and is
continuously being translated to many
languages, people all over the world keep
studying Greek in order to approach and enjoy
the genuine meaning of the texts. Cicero said of
were to speak, he would use their language. "When one returns to the Greek",
Oscar Wilde writes about New Testament Greek, "it is like going into a garden of
lilies out of some, narrow and dark house."
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Elpenor's Second Lesson in Greek (Homer)
Some Exercises
Α.- Transliterate in English the following Greek words:
ΣA/ΡΜΑ (chasm, trash) sounds like: SA/RMA
ΚΟ/ΣΜΟΣ (world, beautiful order, ornament) sounds like: CO/SMOS
ΘΑ/ΛΑΣΣΑ (sea) sounds like:
ΑΣΤΡΑΠΗ/ (lightning) sounds like:
ΦΩΣ (light) sounds like:
ΧΑΡΑ/ (joy) sounds like:
Υ/ΨΟΣ (hight) sounds like:
ΧΩ/ΡΟΣ (space, place) sounds like:
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Β.- Transliterate in Greek the following English words
TREE sounds like: ΤΡE
STUDY sounds like: ΣΤΑ/ΝΤΥ
PERFECT sounds like:
SPHERE sounds like:
ATTRACT sounds like:
HORIZON sounds like:
PHILOSOPHY sounds like:
POETIC sounds like:
VISION sounds like:
Γ.- Try to read aloud the following phrases:
ΘΕΟ/Σ ΗΝ Ο ΛΟ/ΓΟΣ
)
ΑΡΜΟΝΙ/Η ΑΦΑΝΗ/Σ ΦΑΝΕΡΗ/Σ ΚΡΕΙ/ΤΤΩΝ
(The invisible harmony is
superior to the visible -
)
ΕΓΩ/ ΕΙΜΙ/ ΤΟ Α ΚΑΙ ΤΟ Ω, Η ΑΡΧΗ/ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΤΕ/ΛΟΣ
(I am the Alpha and
the Omega, the Beginning and the End -
)
ΟΥΔΕ/Ν ΑΝΘΡΩ/ΠΟΥ ΔΕΙΝΟ/ΤΕΡΟΝ ΠΕ/ΛΕΙ
(Nothing is more wonderful
and frightening than man - Sophocles,
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Δ.- Answer the questions:
α) When was the phoenicean alphabet modified by the Greeks?
β) What is the older work of the Greek literature?
γ) What are the basic Greek dialects?
δ) In what dialect did Homer write?
στ) In what dialect is New Testament written?
ζ) What is the main difference between Koine and modern Greek?
η) What is the main reason of learning Greek?
The Lord's Prayer (Pater Emon)
, narrated by Elli Lampeti
Modern Greek Audio Files (from 1 to 30 minute narrations)
2.
Cf.
Homer
:
Orphica
:
Everything was generated by Love
Plato:
Virgil:
Ovid:
Origen:
Gregory the Theologian:
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
Glorifying the greatness of His deity
Everything shares in the Beautiful
Boethius:
mourning moved the depths of hell
Maximus Confessor:
Erigena:
By His seeing and running all things are made
Symeon the
Becoming invisible and suddenly appearing
Entirely within, entirely without
Nicholas Cabasilas:
Hoelderlin:
The God is near, and hard to grasp
Schiller:
We recognise in them the divine origin of man
(margin:
Keats, To Homer)
Emerson:
Through a foundational poetic and noetic experience of Being
The length, breadth and sweep of heavens are mine!
Papatsonis:
(2)
Greek Forum: Post a question / Start a discussion
:
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Learning Greek - Lesson 1
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