7 HYDRO POWER PLANTS
1
7.1 Water  as an energy source
Similarly as all other renewable sources, hydropower has its origin in the solar energy too.
The movement of surface water in streams is a part of the hydrological cycle in the nature.
Energy source of this moving is solar energy, therefore the energy of water flows is continually
renewed, and thus it is inexhaustible. Energy of rivers is about 0,4 % of energy delivered by the
Sun.
Energy utilization is possible using:
- the mechanical energy of rivers (major using)
- the mechanical energy of tides, sea waves (minor using)
Obieg wody w przyrodzie
http://oki.krakow.rzgw.gov.pl/Article.aspx?tid=tabEdukacja&
2
Scheme of balance of the hydrological cycle in
id=eduObieg
http://www.infometeo.republika.pl/woda.html nature in [103 km3]
7.2 Hydropower potential
Each water flow represents certain amount of energy, which is determined amount of
overflow water and the difference heights on which the water flows.
Power [W] of a part of water flow (1-2) is given by:
- density of water [1000 kg.m-3 ]
- gravitational constant [9,81 m.s-2 ]
- flow rate of water [m3.s-1 ]
- height difference between inlet and outlet [m]
3
Production of electricity in hydroelectric power is accompanied by losses incurred
in turbine, generator and transformer.
The power taken from the alternator is:
- efficiency of hydro-power plant
- efficiency of turbine (0,85÷0,95), generator (0,95÷0,99), transformer (0,92÷0,98)
4
7.3 Dividing of hydro power plants
a) according to solution of using of energy water flow
a1) river  water supplied to the turbine does not leave the river bed, the plant is located
on the river.
a2) derivative  water leaves the original the river bed and to the turbine it is fed either by
open channel or pipe.
5
Open channel Pressure channel
6
b) according to the operational method and method of energy storage:
b1) run of the river hydro power plants
- this type doesn t have the storage capacity. The water flows and passes through the
turbines, power depends on the instantaneous flow rate. This type of hydro power plant
operates mostly in the base of the daily load diagram.
b2) storage power plants with the natural accumulation of water
- these power plants have available reserves of water in the reservoir,
- water flows into the reservoir naturally.
Wybrane elementy charakterystyki
zbiornika zaporowego
7
http://levis.sggw.pl/~ozw1/zgw/msos/00_01/wodypow/podzialwod.htm
b3) storage power plants with artificial accumulation of water (pump storage power plants)
- these power plants artificially accumulate energy at the time of reduced load (or excess of
electricity) on the power system in the form of water by pumping of water from the lower
reservoir to the upper reservoir.
- hydropower resources in the upper reservoir are used to generate electricity during the peak of
daily load diagram (turbine operation).
Pump storage power plant (Elektrownia szczytowo-
pompowa)
Chladnż, V.: Vżroba elektriny, Koa
ice, 2006
8
http://climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-ph
In terms of machine configuration, pump storage power plants are constructed as:
a) 4-machine configuration (1. turbine - 2. generator, 3. motor - 4. pump)
b) 3-machine configuration (1. motor-generator, 2. turbine, 3. pump)
c) 2-machine configuration (1. motor-generator, 2. reverse turbine).
9
Chladnż, V.: Vżroba elektriny, Koa
ice, 2006
7.4 Water turbine
10
Pelton turbine
- water is supplied to the impeller wheel tangentially through one or more nozzles
- impeller wheel is always saved in the turbine housing, which prevents spattering water and
directs it to the discharge
- regulation of water flow in the nozzle is performed using the spear located in the nozzle axis.
- pelton turbine is usually used for high difference between inlet and outlet and smaller flow rate
of water.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwNpls58cso
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvSe7Frhb9E
11
http://www.oze.stuba.sk/oze/vodna-energia/
Kaplan turbine
- regulation of turbine is realized by inlet guide vanes and rotor (adjustable blades) at the same
time
- efficiency of turbine is up to 96 %.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBBMdePFsOI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eLufvzh5HU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gogy0HkSt7g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKK7Ya3-H80
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJu8oRBQxmw
Janí%0Å„ek, F.: Obnovite>
né zdroje energie I, Bratislava 12
http://www.inforse.dk/europe/fae/OEZ/voda/voda.html#VODNÉ ELEKTRÁRNE -
Francis turbine
- there is used control only by adjustable guide vanes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1qkVlIEtVQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0F-9HciA-A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6ZK3pA45aY
3 Virtual Turbines: Pelton, Francis and Kaplan
13
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzQPNpP55xQ
Banki turbine
- the regulating unit, shaped like a vane or tongue, varies the cross-section of the flow.
14
http://mve.energetika.cz/primotlaketurbiny/banki.htm
7.5 Global hydro power capacity
Trend in worldwide renewable
capacity, including hydropower,
2000-2010
Trend in worldwide renewable
capacity, excluding hydropower,
2000-2010
15
http://energyforumonline.com/tag/renewable-energy/page/3/
http://energyforumonline.com/tag/energy-data-book/page/2/
List of the largest hydroelectric power stations
16
http://www.oze.stuba.sk/wp-content/themes/ObnovitelneZdrojeEnergie/elearning/EENERGETIKA/ELEN-3_2.htm
7.1.5 Hydro power capacity in Poland
W Polsce obecnie istnieje 727 elektrowni wodnych o
łącznej mocy ok 2 300 MW. Przeważają instalacje
do 0,3 MW, dużych elektrowni powyżej 10 MW jest jedynie 6.
17
18
Żarnowiec - elektrownia
19
szczytowo-pompowa