Coal petrology - test no. 1
INTRODUCTION:
Coal - rock of organic origin, sedimentary, which was created from a variety of plants (trees, shrubs, mosses, lichens, plant parts, trunks, branches, roots, leaves, spores, cortical substance, resins, algae), the chemical composition of coal varies during the coalification process.
Processes which can undergo organic matter: depending on the transformation of access to oxygen in the decreasing direction: decay, rot, peat, rot (fermentation).
Decay - takes place on the surface of the soil with the full unlimited access of oxygen. Under these conditions the organic matter is degraded to CO2 and H2O, and we are left in place mineral matter (resin, cortical substance).
Rot - takes place in the soil, but the soil is still moist and the presence of moisture inhibits the decomposition of organic matter. A large part of the organic matter is transformed into carbon dioxide and water, but what we are left with is called. ground decayed and rotten this land is characterized by a higher content of element C in comparison with the starting materials.
Peat - bogs occurs when organic matter is covered by a layer of water, with the participation of the transformation of aerobic bacteria in the upper part of the bog, bog disappears into the part of aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria below. Methane is formed. The product of the process is peat (dry).
Decay (fermentation) - overlies the deepest parts of the lake, under anaerobic conditions, where the fine material is formed sewage sludge (gyttjas), which has a high content of protein substances.
Carbonization - the physicochemical processes occurring in organic matter on the stage of peat to anthracite stage and even graphite.
Chemically increasing the carbon content of the coal. Wanes oxygen, hydrogen, volatiles. Calorific value increases. [negajoules / kg].
In terms of macroscopic: the color of brown in various shades becomes black (gray and black). Scratch with brown evokes black. Matt gloss (brown), shiny (stone) to the diamond, metal. Gloss intensity increases with the degree of coalification.
Petrographic features: reflectivity (light reflectivity [R]), which increases with the degree of coalification.
In terms of the transformation of organic matter:
a) the least transformed - (peat)
b) weakly transformed - (lignite)
c) the average transformed - (coal),
d) strongly transformed - (anrtacyt).
Kaustobiolity solid - solid rock are flammable.
There are 4 types of rice:
a) rocks humic (humulity) eg. coals or brown - these rocks formed with rounded-organic matter accumulated on the moors, the presence pasemkowatości.
b) rock sapropelowe (Sapropelites) - the deepest part of the lake during the decay process (fermentation) in anaerobic warunkjach, they are characterized by a lack of pasemkowatości, it is sometimes lustrous carbon lamina. The color is gray-black, glassy black, gloss matte, fracture conchoidal or uneven, less volatile content compared with humusami. They have a lower specific gravity.
SAPROPELOWE ROCK CD: No pasemkowości, Kennel and bogheady.
Bogheady - in the most central parts of the lakes. Algae is a characteristic component of Petrographic. We also bituminit, mikrynit, nitrodetrynit, inertodetrynit.
Kennel - disputes is a characteristic ingredients that are stuck between the grains and inertodetrynitu nitrodetrynitu. Here, formed on the periphery of bogheadów. Characterized by a lower density prasmoły. They burn with a smoky flame.
Rocks liptobiolitowe - liptobiolity, resulting from the accumulation of plant parts such as resins, litigation, cortical tissue, putyna. These ingredients than 75% of the composition constitute up to 25% can be Inertinite and 20% Vitrinite. Under anaerobic conditions, or the full access of oxygen formed. Formed from cellulose and lignin have been distributed, and in their place there was a concentration of algae, resins, (...) that created the rocks liptobiolitowe.
Oil shale and humic - humic coals are frosted with a high content of volatile matter.
peats:
Peats - rocks are formed on the peat is characterized by a root of above 60% and above 75% moisture. It is the border with brown coals (in brown above 60%, less than 75%. Coals brown peat alike - root C 57-65%, 60-75% moisture.
Distribution of peatlands:
a) low,
b) high,
c) transition.
Low - formed in depressions, oxbow lakes in the valleys, in places fed by streams, rivers, which in turn carries a high content of nutrients. The diversity of vegetation in these bogs is the greatest (trees, shrubs, reeds, mosses, lichens). The mineral content of 6-18% is greatest.
High - formed on wododziałach, at elevations of land, are domed, there are very few fertile on the ground that are powered by precipitation. Mosses, lichens, trees or shrubs are sporadic. Heterogeneous surface. Stands out knots and
valleys (drier, elevated). Here follows the appropriate weight gain bog. The mineral content of 2-4%.
Transitional - on the border of fens and high. Powered by water from precipitation, streams and creeks. Plants are 3 clusters (bog, grassland, forest communities). Mineral matter content 1-6%.
Plant remains - in peat are called fiterały (root, stem, spores, bark, leaves, not fully burned wood tissue formed during fires in peat bogs.
Briquette - is formed by drying the peat.
Brown coals AND THEIR DIVISION macroscopic: The color of brown, yellowish brown, and black. Scratch brown, glossy matte, silky and shiny. The content of C 60-71%. Reflectivity of less than 0.5%.
Lithotypes - variety of macroscopic charcoal.
Features: color, gloss, texture, fracture.
Brown coals:
a) a soft,
b) hard.
Soft: Weaker uwęglone brown coals and their content of C 60-66%. Divided into 4 main lithotypes and collateral.
lithotypes:
1. Coal ksylitowy (xylitol) - a little more uwęglone coals, color: light brown or dark brown. Brief - depending on the conditions of coal and peat bogs. Gloss: matt. Up to 10% carbon pasty.
Coal żeloksylitowy (variety) - was established that some of the tissues. it went into lignin, cellulose has unfolded, the resulting gels humic that wmigrowały the carbon tissue and have solidified.
2. Coal earthy - different from ksylitowego is more homogeneous, in which there is practically pieces of wood. Up to 10% carbon ksylitowego. Matt gloss.
3. Coal ksylitowo-earthy - 50-90% carbon earthy, the rest ksylitowy.
4. Coal earthy ksylitowy - ksylitowego 50-90%, the rest is earthy.
Akcesoryczne varieties in soft brown coals:
a) a carbon gel (doppleryt) - made up of humic gels.
b) carbon epithelial (kutikulowy) - it came from the accumulation of leaves. Very brittle.
c) coal fuzynowy (fiber) - a clear structure of coal, brown-black color to black, silky shine. Very fragile and very dirty hands. Creates a length of several lenses, parudziesięciu cm and a thickness of a few or ten inches. Ksylitami occurs.
Hard brown coals: C-66-71%, higher than the soft uwęglone. Colour dark brown to black. Matt gloss, fiber, glossy.
a) hard matte brown coals - matt gloss, uneven fracture, zadziorowaty. If we see the structure of wood is a carbon ortoksylitowy if we do not see (homogeneous) ortodetrytowy,
b) hard shiny brown coals - black color, glossy shine, crack still brown.
Anthracite COAL AND THEIR DIAGNOSIS AND MACROSCOPIC:
Coal - a moisture content of less than 8-10%, volatile matter content of less than 42% within the root C 71.89%, a feature that reflexivity.
Macroscopic characteristics of coals:
a) color: black, gray-black, smolistoczarna, dependent on coal petrographic composition,
b) gloss: matte, shiny, silky,
c) with increasing degree of coalification following alignment gloss, followed by increasing its intensity over time from glossy to metal and diamond,
d) fracture: cuboid, rhombohedral, uneven, granular, fibrous, pasemkowatości presence.
Due to the thickness of the strands and coal streaks were divided into 4 groups nos:
a) a tracer - less than 1mm thick streaks
b) drobnopasemkowy - streaks of 1-3 mm
c) średniopasemkowy - strands of 3-7mm
d) carbon grubopasemkowy - streaks above 7mm.
Macroscopic variety coals (lithotypes):
a) glossy - sites
b) semi-gloss - klaryn,
c) Matt - duryn,
d) fiber - fuzyn.
Glossy (Site) - intensely colored carbon black, smolistoczarnej, glossy sheen to the diamond, metal. Is quite fragile. Crushing to create cubes, romboedry. Part of the finer grain mass. It will be one of the main ingredients of coal dust. Often creates highlights in coals 1mm thick - a few centimeters. The content of this litotypu in litotypach increases during the coalification. Facies associated with the occurrence of forest.
Semi-gloss (Klaryn) - characterized by the alternating streaks and highlights occurring carbon matte and glossy. The thickness of the strands of 1-3mm. The properties intermediate between glossy and matte charcoal and it is the most common lithotype in coals Upper Silesia.
Matt (Duryn) - color may be gray-black, or smolistoczarna. Matt gloss. Gloss intensity increases gradually during coalification. There are lustrous carbon laminae. It is a hard coal, concise, trudnourabialny. Concentrated in the largest classes of grain.
Fibrous (Fuzyn) - arises from fires. Creates the lens length of several centimeters, a thickness of a few mm. Colour black, silky shine. Very brittle. Concentrated in the smallest classes of grain. It will be a component of the mine dust. Two varieties because of the content of mineral substances:
a) Fuzyn mineralized - 2-4% mineral content,
b) Fuzyn mineralized - containing minerals to 32%, the cells filled with some minerals: sulfides, clay minerals, carbonates.
Anthracite: volatile content of less than 14%. Reflectivity of more than 2%. Element C above 8.9%. Colour gray-black. Diamond to metallic sheen. Become more and more concise pasemkowatość disappears in them.
GAGATY: Sołtyków, with sulfur, mourning jewelry, Victorian period.
Frog - a symbol of water.
GROUP OF SAMPLES:
a) a sample board - taken at the location of the coal seam,
b) production samples - taken away from the place of occurrence of coal, defined as non-situ sample.
SAMPLE BOARD:
a) must be authorized to collect such samples,
b) the exact location (coordinates, which mine, depth),
c) not charge weathered rocks only fresh,
d) the identification of lithology deck (definition lithotypes in the deck)
e) is defined from the ceiling to the floor, perpendicular to the running deck.
Types, purpose and method of collecting:
a) pole of the sample - to determine the origin of the deck, the term facies variation of the deck, with a hammer and chisel to select the column length and depth of 20x20cm, remove the top portion of the column with a length of 10cm, lithologically uniform, properly secure it, put it into a bag with the card information , secure (string bags).
b) sample Furrow - their goal is to determine the variability download quality coal in the seam, spread the canvas tarp in the floor and using a hammer and chisel tear a groove width and depth 15x15cm or 30x30cm, what falls on the cloth is put in the bag, describe and protect .
PRODUCTION SAMPLE:
a) taken away from the place of occurrence of coal,
b) The goal is to determine variation in the quality of ore,
c) transport, railway wagons,
d) the first sample charge at a distance of 1m from the short edge of the wagon,
e) the partial charge of the sample in each of the 15 points equally pooddalanych from each other,
f) each sample partial ...
g) pours the sample into one bag, with a general attempt to do this,
h) of the sample does not charge from the surface of the car only to have to dig coal, because the surface is weathered coal mine could pour on top of carbon with better performance, sampling by the manufacturer,
i) feature dioxide is dependent on various parameters (arbitration takes laboratory analysis)
j) transport, transport vehicles (samples are collected at five points, charge at each of these points in a sample of 5kg and digs into the coal,
k) transport conveyors (partial sample atoms are Chute at specified intervals using a shovel, section 0.5 m, this is a sub-sample,
l) transport, bucket elevators.
25kg sample - we do the analysis, this is too much, the sample to be representative of 25kg, it will be less (you have to crush sample, schomogenizować, measure), special drums for these samples are. Coal is crushed to fraction 10 or 3mm. On the floor, spread out the cloth and Heap cone shovel to get a smaller sample weight kwartowanie do.
Analyses for coals:
a) technical analysis - the moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, heat of combustion laboratory identified, and the calorific value is calculated in kilojoules / kg, or in megajoules / kg,
b) Elemental analysis (chemical) - Determination of the elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur (total sulfur, sulfur combustible, ash, sulfur, organic sulfate and pyrites, analysis of the other elements in the coal (environmental considerations, such as coal will be burn)
c) petrographic analysis - the contents of each group macerals and minerals in coal: * microlithotypes content analysis and karbomineryty,
* reflectivity measurements (random, maximum and minimum),
* fluorescence,
* sinterability analysis.
Preparation of petrographic preparations:
a) the types:
* zgłady Cereal - plasticine stuck on the glass, below 1mm fraction crumbles, embedded in resin, allowed to harden, when hardened grind and polish the preparation (sandpaper, grinding powders - a few such powders used, the polishing is carried out using a diamond sprays, silica.
* zgłady Lump - 2cm thick, cut perpendicular to the uławicenia, carbon lamination, it sunk in resin and then grind and polish the, it checks whether it is well polished, and then we examine microscopically.
Storage of samples:
a) part of the analysis, some of the acts,
b) secure, respectively,
c) keep under strings, jars (sealed)
d) take into account what ever we want to do with it,
e) an aluminum foil put on the sample,
f) wash with plain water in the hair, not the plastic hair.
Macerals: these are the smallest recognizable micro-carbons, they are formed from organic matter. Are recognized on the basis of: color, reflectivity, fluorescence, morphology, size criterion. Genetically divided into 3 groups:
a) huminitu (vitrinite)
b) liptynitu,
c) inertinite.
GROUP HUMINITU - is formed from tissues rich in cellulose and lignin. These tissues are in very different degrees behaves. Forms: highlights, lenses of different sizes. Can fill the gap, cracks in the coal and provide a cohesive mass to other macerals in coal. Divided into 3 groups:
* Tellohuminitu - macerals of cellular varying degrees preserved.
eg. tekstynit an apparent macerał cellular structure, the cells can be clearly seen or walls may be deformed, pozaciskane, folded. Lights may be empty cells. Other macerałami can be Rezynit, Poriżelinit, Korpochuminit.
eg. Ulminit - macerał present in the form of strands, very uniform, which has no cellular structure.
* Detrohuminitu - macerals that arose from humic detritus.
eg. Atrynit - macerał of less than 10 microns, with irregular shape and the individual grains are separated by pores or humic gels.
eg. Densynit - upon pozaciskania atrynitu space between molecules. Irregular, m apewną porosity, often occurs as a cohesive mass to the other in the coal macerals.
* Żelohuminitu - is composed of humic gels.
eg. Żelinit - in two versions:
a) Poriżelinit - ziarnistymacerał grain filling tekstynitu cells,
b) Leniżelinit - gap filling cracks in carbon, is uniform when humic dry gels formed in the slot associated with drying.
eg. Korpohuminit - very homogeneous, slightly lighter in color compared with other macerałami huminitu, very characteristic morphology (spherical, oval, highly elongated, may have a different size.
GROUPS LIPTYNITU: Colour in reflected light white, dark brown, almost black, orange. The darkest color is always compared with the other groups macerals. Reflexivity always lowest in this group. The strongest fluorescence in this group (the greenish-yellow, yellow to red even).
eg. Sporynit - formed from spores and pollen morphology is closed and the deformed loop.
eg. Kutynit - created with substance covering the leaves and prevent them drying out before. Morphology: filamentous, tasiemkowata, serrated on one side.
eg. Rezynit - formed of resin, the color of reflected light but also white dark brown orange. Fluorescence variable in the same carbon pale yellow to dark orange. Oval, spherical.
eg. Alginit - origin: algae, oval, bochenkowata morphology, very strong bright yellow, yellow fluorescence.
eg. Chlorofyllinit - genesis: chlorophyll, in the form of fine particles, often associated with Kutynitynitem. A strong red fluorescence. It occurs only in soft brown coals.
eg. Bituminit - macerał secondary, resulting from the decomposition of algae, granular morphology, irregular.
eg. Liptodetrynit - different parts of crushed macerals, whose size is less than 10 micrometers.
Macerals division Due to the origin: 1. macerals from wood and cork tissue - Vitrinite, fuzynit, semifuzynit 2. macerals from plant material other than wood tissue - egzynit, rezynit, sklerotynit 3. macerals from unidentified plant tissues - mikrynit coal macerals brown Group Subgroup macerals macerals Macerał Huminit humotelinit tekstynit ulminit humodetrynit atrynit densynit humokolinit żelinit korpohuminit Liptinite. sporynit kutynit rezynit suberynit alginit liptodetrynit chlorofylinit bituminit Inertinite. fuzynit semifuzynit makrynit sklerotynit inertodetrynit coal macerals Macerał maceral group and its symbol Submacerał variety macerału Vitrinite telinit kolotelinit kordaitotelinit fungotelinit ksylotelinit sigillariotelinit kolinit telokolinit.
żelokolinit desmokolinit korpokolinit detrowitrynit. . Liptinite sporynit. makrosporynit mikrosporynit kutynit. tenuikutynit krassikutynit rezynit. terpene rezynit rezynit secondary lipid rezynit alginit. pila-alginit reinschia-alginit suberynit. . bituminit. . liptodetrynit. . Inertinite fuzynit pirofuzynit. degardofuzynit fuzynit metamorphic fuzynit semifuzynit original. makrynit. sklerotynit fungosklerotynit plektenchyminit korposklerotynit pseudokorposklerotynit inertodetrynit. . mikrynit