bilabial	labio- dental Upper teeth Lower lip	dental	Alveolar Tongue tip alveolar ridge	palato - alveolar hard palate blade tongue tip alvelar	Pala tal hard Palate tong. blade	Velar tongue back soft palate	Glottal Glottis soft palate tongue back
nasal (stop)	m			n			ŋ
Stop Total closure	P b 3 stages			t d			k g
Fricative Friction Closure Turbulence Squeezed air		f v	θ ∂	s z	∫ ʒ			H phonation
approximant (central) narrowing no turbulence	(w) Mouth rounded			r		J Air flows over the tongue	w
lateral (approximant)				l
Affricative Stop followed by homorganic fricative					t∫ d ʒ

/m/ - voiced bilabial nasal (stop)
This sound is produced when our upper and lower lip are forming a closure. When the air flows out from the lungs, through the larynx and it goes into oral cavity from where it can't escape and into the nasal cavity (is escaping through the nose). Vocal cords in that situation are vibrating (we feel it on our Adam's apple). This sound has only one stage - closure stage.

/n/ - voiced alveolar nasal (stop)

In producing this sound the articulators are the tip of the tongue and he alveolar ridge (ridge behind the teeth line). The toungue touches the ridge and they form a closure with the hard palate. When air flows out from the lungs it goes through the larynx and goes int the oral cavity and nasal (the same situation like in the /m/). Vocal cords are vibrating so the sound is voiced. The lips are not closed they can be opened.

/ŋ/ (czyt. nyg) - voiced velar nasal (stop)

The production of this sound is when the back of the tongue get together with the soft palate. The air flows out through the larynx to the nasal cavity and the vocal cords are vibrating. The tongue is pulled back in the oral cavity.

ALL NASALS ARE VOICED!

/p/ - voiceless bilabial stop

Your upper lip and lower lip come together. There are 3 stages in producing this sound. The closure stage (lips come together), the second hold stage (when air flows form lungs to oral cavity, it is squeezed and the pressure is rising) and the last stage - release stage (when air burst out rapidly and your lips are getting apart). There is no friction, turbulence in vocal cords so the sound is voiceless.

/b/ - voiced bilabial stop

The production of this sound is the same as /p/, but there is one difference. The air flows from the lungs to the oral cavity where is squeezed but there is a vibration in the vocal cords.

/t/ - voiceless alveolar stop

Articulators taking part in the process: front of the tongue touches alveolar ridge. Air flows to the oral cavity and pushed the closure between the ridge and the tongue. There is small burst and air flows out through the mouth. Vocal cords - silent.

/d/ - voiced alveolar stop

Articulators taking part in the process: front of the tongue touches alveolar ridge. Air flows to the oral cavity and pushed the closure between the ridge and the tongue. There is small burst and air flows out through the mouth. Vocal cords vibrate.

/k/ - voiceless velar stop

Articulators which take part in producing this sound are the soft palate and the back of the tongue. There is a closure between them. And when the air flows from the lungs it came to oral cavity articulators produce sound. Vocal cords - silent.

/g/ - voiced velar stop

Articulators which take part in producing this sound are the soft palate and the back of the tongue. There is a closure between them. And when the air flows from the lungs it came to oral cavity articulators produce sound.Vocal cords vibrate.

/f/ - voiceless labio - dental fricative

The articulators taking part in the process are the upper lip (labial) and the lower teeth (dental). When they approach each other there is a narrowing between them and air is escaping through this it. Vocal cords are not vibrating.

/v/ - voiced labio - dental fricative

The situation is the same like in the /f/ but there is obstruction in vocal cords so we can feel the turbulence by touching our Adam's apple.

/θ/ (czyt. thy/f) - voiceless dental fricative

Your tongue is situated between your upper and lower teeth. It is sticking out a little. When air form the lungs is flowing out it comes to oral cavity and flows out through the small narrowing between yout tongue and teeth. Vocal cords are staying silent, there is no friction.

/∂/ (czyt. dy)- voiced dental fricative

Your tongue is situated between your upper and lower teeth. It is sticking out a little. When air form the lungs is flowing out it comes to oral cavity and flows out through the small narrowing between your tongue and teeth. Vocal cords vibrate.

/s/ - voiceless alveolar fricative

Articulators: tongue and alveolar ridge. Your tongue is slightly touching the ridge and when the air flows out it comes to some kind of closure between your hard palate and your tongue, you can even feel the pressure on your hard palate. It is silent sound so vocal cords are not vibrating.

/z/ - voiced alveolar fricative

Articulators: tongue and alveolar ridge. Your tongue is slightly touching the ridge and when the air flows out it comes to some kind of closure between your hard palate and your tongue, you can even feel the pressure on your hard palate. It is silent sound so vocal cords are not vibrating.

There's a friction in vocal cords, we can feel vibrations by touching our Adam's apple.

/∫/ (czyt. szy) - voiceless palato - alveolar fricative

Articulators: the blade of the tongue get closer to hard palate (goes up) and the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. Like in /s/ there is some kind of closure and air is squeezed there and rapidly it flows out form oral cavity, we can feel the pressure of the air on our hard palate. Vocal cords - silent.

/ʒ/ (czyt. ży) - voiced palato - alveolar fricative

Articulators: the blade of the tongue get closer to hard palate (goes up) and the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. Like in /s/ there is some kind of closure and air is squeezed there and rapidly it flows out form oral cavity, we can feel the pressure of the air on our hard palate. vocal cords are vibrating.

/h/ - voiceless glottal fricative

Your tongue is pushed back and touches soft palate, there is a small narrowing between them from which air flows to oral cavity from the lungs. There is no vibrations in vocal cords.

(/w/) (czyt. ły) - voiced bilabial (central) approximant

Your lips form „o” - rounding and your tongue is maybe a little lower than normal. Air flows out from the lungs through larynx, oral cavity. There is a vibration in vocal cords.

/r/ - voiced alveolar (central) approximant

The back of your tongue is pushed back and goes up - touches soft palate. Tongue is curled to hard palate (retroflex). Air flows out from the lungs and there is a vibration in vocal cords.

/j/ - voiced palatal (central) approximant

Your tongue (blade) touches hard palate. Air flows out from the lungs and vibrate in vocal cords.

/w/ - voiced velar (central) approximant

Back of your tongue touches soft palate. Air flows through the small narrowing between soft palate and the back of the tougue. Vocal cord are vibrating.

ALL APPROXIMANTS ARE VOICED!

/l/ - voiced alveolar lateral (approximant)

Tip of your tongue touches alveolar ridge. Air flows from the lungs to oral cavity, vocal cords are vibrating.

/t∫/ (czyt. czy) - voiceless palato - alveolar affricative

Tip of the tongue touches alveolar ridge and blade of the tongue touches hard palate - it form closure.Air flows from the lungs and goes into that closure, you can even feel pressure o your palate. Vocal cords are silent.

/d ʒ/ (czyt. dży) - voiced palato - alveolar affricative

Tip of the tongue touches alveolar ridge and blade of the tongue touches hard palate - it form closure.Air flows from the lungs and goes into that closure, you can even feel pressure o your palate. the vocal cords are vibrating.

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