Phonetics & phonology classes, winter term.

Required theoretical knowledge for the semester test:

1. What is the speech chain and what are its stages? (psychological, physiological and physical stage)

2. What happens during the physiological stage of the speech chain - using bullet points describe in detail a) what happens to the air stream (describe its way from the lungs out of human organs of speech), b) how it is modulated, c) sources of energy, d) resonating cavities, e) organs and mechanisms of the respiratory tract etc.

1. Description and classification of speech sounds - division into vowels and consonants (describe several ways in which vowels and consonants may be differentiated from one another). What is a vowel, what is a consonant?

2. Explain the following: egressive, ingressive, pulmonic, non-pulmonic, voiced, voiceless, glottal stop.

1. What is described by the place of articulation, list possible places of articulation, provide examples for each.

2. What is described by the manner of articulation, listing all possible manners of articulation, provide examples for each.

1. Be able to describe a consonant provided using all possible categories of description (source of air stream, dir. of air stream, pos. of vocal cords, pos. of soft palate, place & manner of art.).

2. What is the Cardinal Vowel Scale and how can be used to describe vowels in any language. Is the English vowel scale identical with Cardinal Vowel Scale? (If not, why not).

3. Be able to explain Card. Vowel Scale using a sketch (a drawing of it).

1. What are diphthongs and how are they divided? Examples.

2. What are triphthongs? Examples.

3. What is phoneme, allophone, complementary distribution (of allophones), free variation of allophones (explain by using appropriate examples).

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