History of England
Facts 19-25
19. The Act of Supremacy November 1534 -was an Act of the Parliament of England under King Henry VIII declaring that he was 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England' and that the English crown shall enjoy "all honours, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity." The act made King Henry VIII the head of the Church of England. This left the Pope with no power in England.
20. War of the Grand Alliance (1688-97),war between France and a coalition of European powers, known as the League of Augsburg (and, after 1689, as the Grand Alliance);
It was largely the result of Louis XIV's foreign policy, which can loosely be described as 'La Gloire'. It is sometimes known as The Nine Years' War or War of the League of Ausburg; The fighting took place largely in Flanders in the area between the rivers Meuse and Sambre. The exhaustion of the belligerents and the defection of Savoy from the Grand Alliance (1696) finally led to the Treaty of Ryswick.
21.The Dissolution of the Monasteries-the destruction or sale of buildings and land belonging to religious communities in England by King Henry VIII between 1536 and 1541 after he became head of the church in England.
(Henry wanted to make church less powerful and he needed money .Many people at the time felt that the church was to rich and wasted its great wealth, Henry had little difficulty in taking the Church's wealth for himself, although many fine buildings were destroyed)
22.The Battle of Boyne -a victory in Ireland in 1690 for the English king William III over Jacobite armies of the former King James II. About 35 000 Protestants under William defeated about 25 000 Irish and French Catholics near the Boyne river. (The event is celebrated by Protestants in Northern Ireland on 2 July every year.)
23.The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular religious rising in York, Yorkshire during 1536, in protest against England's break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances. The cause of this movement was attribute to Robert Aske ,the leader of the insurgens who led a band of nine thousand followers and they entered and occupied York. The rising succeed but after trusting in king's promises Aske dismissed his followers and was cheated by king and executed.
23 Pilgrimage of Grace
The Pilgrimage of Grace is the title given to a widespread revolt against the rule of Henry VIII. It was a direct result of the dissolution of the monasteries, a policy which confused and angered most Englishmen. The Pilgrimage of Grace started in late 1536 and finished in early 1537.Between late 1536 and 1537 a number of revolts against the king took place in Northern England. These were collectively known as the `Pilgrimage of Grace'. However, strictly, the Pilgrimage of Grace only refers to the revolt that occurred in Yorkshire between October and December 1536. The leader of the Yorkshire rebels was Robert Aske. It was Aske who coined the phrase `Pilgrimage of Grace' to describe their actions.
24. Whig-a member of a British political party established in the late 17th to the mid 19th centuries. The Whigs believed that Parliament should have more power than the king or queen and supported the Hanoverian Kings and queens against the Stuarts. They believed in religious freedom and political reforms. The Whigs ,who were mainly rich businessmen and people who owned land in the country, were in power for the first half of the 18th century. In 19th century they changed into the Liberal Party.
Tory-a member of one of the two main political parties in Britain from the late 17th to the mid 19th centuries. The Tories were originally a group of politicians who wanted the Roman Catholic James, Duke of York(later James II) to be allowed to become king of England. They were powerful for various periods during the 18th and 19th centuries. Than in 19th the Tories developed into the Conservative Party.
25.The Spanish Armada- was the Spanish fleet(group of ships) sent in 1588 to attack England. The Armada was defeated in the English Channel by a group of British ships led by Lord Howard of Effingham's and Francis drake's Revenge.(It was the first sea battle in history involving large numers of ships and was seen by the English as a great victory)
NAMES/history of England 13-17
13.Richard III-the king of England from 1483-1485,following his nephew king Edward V .He is often thought as a cruel and violent king who probably ordered the murder of the Princes in the Tower. He was killed at the battle of Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor who became King Henry VII.( Princes in the Tower-a name given to the 2 young sons of King Edward IV,-the boy king Edward V and his brother Richard, Duke of York)
14.Edmnd Burke(1729-97)a British Whig politician and writer, born in Ireland. He was a member of Parliament(1765-94)but he is best remembered for speaking and writing in favour of American Independence and the rights of Irish Catholics. He also strong oppose the French Revolution.
15.Richard Neville(1428 -1471? )known as "Warwick the Kingmaker", was a leading figure in the Wars of the Roses, during which he helped depose the Lancastrian King Henry VI in favour of the Yorkist King Edward IV. This earned him his nickname of "the Kingmaker", but he later fell out with Edward and restored Henry VI to the throne. During this period Warwick was the richest man in the country outside of the Royal Family, and was considered the real ruler of England.[1] Warwick was killed at the Battle of Barnet, as Edward was restored to power.
16.Thomas Paine-(1737-1809)an English writer and politician who wrote and spoke in favour of freedom and democracy. He lived and worked in Britain until the age of 37, when he migrated to the American colonies just in time to take part in the American Revolution. After returning to England he had to escape to France to avoid being arrested for treason because the book he wrote was wrote in support of the French Revolution. In France he became a member of the revolutionary government, but he was put in prison because he was opposed to killing the king.
17.John Cabot(1450-1498)-an Italian explorer. With his son Sebastian he sailed across the Atlantic in 1498 on behalf of the English King Henry VII and reached(discovered)North America (which he thought was China)before Columbus.
General issue 10-12
10 Policies of James II (1633 - 1701)
He openly opposed the Test Act of 1673, which barred all Catholics and Dissenters from holding positions of power, and abandoned his post as Lord High Admiral and left the country. In 1678 he was the focus of a popish plot and in 1679 the Whig government attempted to exclude James from the succession but Charles dissolved parliament
Within days of James' accession, Protestants were rallying around Charles' son, James, Duke of Monmouth, whom they believed should be king. The rebellion was easily quashed and Monmouth beheaded. Continuing his religious campaign, James had Catholics promoted to high-status positions while he appointed the 'Bloody Assizes' to execute, torture or enslave Protestant rebels. The Declaration of Indulgence (1687) granted tolerance of Catholics and non-conformists. In response, both Tories and Whigs turned against the king
When, in 1688, Mary of Modena gave birth to a male heir, James Francis Edward (the Old Pretender), Parliament was provoked; this event scuppered their plans for James' Protestant daughter Mary to take the throne. Thus Protestant MPs allied themselves with Mary and her husband William of Orange and, sensing the threat, James fled from London as William landed at Torbay. Captured and released (with William's consent), James raised an Irish army against his usurpers but was defeated at the Boyne in 1690. He died an exile in Saint-Germain
11 War of the Spanish Succession
war fought from 1701 to 1714 by the Grand Alliance, consisting originally of England, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Austria, and later, Portugal, against a coalition of France, Spain, and a number of small Italian and German principalities.
Causes
The war was caused by conflicting claims to the Spanish throne after the death of the childless King Charles II. The accession of the grandson of King Louis XIV of France to the Spanish throne as Philip V antagonized England and Holland, which were in growing competition with France, and Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, who had claimed the succession on behalf of his son.
Two major battles:
1.Battle of Blenheim
fought on Aug. 13, 1704, at the village of Blenheim, near Höchstädt, Bavaria. Responding to appeals from Vienna, which was threatened by French and Bavarian forces, the English commander, John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, marched his army from the Netherlands to Bavaria and joined forces with the Austrian general, Prince Eugene of Savoy. At Blenheim their combined army overwhelmed a Franco-Bavarian force under Marshall Tallard and the elector of Bavaria. For the first time in two generations the French suffered a crushing defeat, and the results were immediate and far-reaching. Bavaria was conquered and Vienna saved. The territorial ambitions of Louis XIV beyond the Rhine were checked, and France was placed on the defensive
2.Battle of Ramillies
fought May 23, 1706, near the village of Ramillies-Offus, Walloon Brabant prov., Belgium, 12 mi (19 km) S of Tienen, in the War of the Spanish Succession. Here, in one of his most brilliant victories, Marlborough commanded British, Dutch, and Danish troops and defeated the French under Villeroi. The victory enabled the allies to capture Antwerp, Ghent, and Bruges and to overrun the Spanish Netherlands.
Consequences
So far as the British were concerned, the war was a considerable success - though their allies were less certain of this, and came to believe that Britain could not be trusted. The Treaty of Utrecht , which ended the war in 1713, contained an important article relating to Newfoundland. For the first time the island was recognised as a British possession, and the French gave up Plaisance and the fort there. The French retained the right to fish on part of the Newfoundland coast, but their main fishing effort in the region moved to Cape Breton.
12.The Seven Years War-a war (1756-63)between Britain , Prussia and Hanover on one side and Austria, France, Russia, Saxony and Sweden on the other. Its main causes were the struggle between Britain and France to be the most important imperial power (country in control of the empire) and the struggle between Austria and Prussia to be the most important country in central Europe. The British and Prussian side won, and France had to give most of its land in America, Canada and India to Britain, while Prussia began to be one of the most powerful countries in Europe.