Jak nie tłumaczyć tekstów Technicznych

O tłumaczeniach

• Tłumaczenia są jak kobiety - albo piękne, albo wierne (Voltaire)

• Duch danego języka wyraża się w jego nieprzetłumaczalnych słowach (Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach)

• Można nawet powiedzieć, że tłumaczenie tym bardziej odbiega od oryginału, im bardziej dąży do wierności (Wilhelm von Humboldt)

Przynajmniej wiadomo o co chodzi.

These two pictures were carved with two fu characters, one in the right way and the other in the reversed way. In Chinese fu meant hanpiness Moreover, the fu characters in these pictures were carved in the shape of bamboo trees As the Chinese pronunciation for bamboo (zhu) was similar to that of wish (zhu). A fu character in the shape of
a bamboo tree thus meant wish you happiness. Since crane was a symbol of longevity in China, this carving with both fu and cranes meant many good fortunes and a lone life.

Common multicultural pitfalls

• Health Practices Holidays

• Luck and Supernatural Forces

• Male/Female Relations and Gender issues

• Miscellany

• Prejudice

• Time

• Body Language

• Child-Rearing Practices

• Classroom Behavior

• Clothing and Jewelry

• Colors

• Foodways

• Gifts

Verbal versus nonverbal communication

• The social anthropologist Edward T. Hall claims 60 percent of all our communication is

• nonverbal.

• Daniel Goleman's in ,Emotional Intelligence' (Bantam, 1995), claims that 90 percent of our emotions arc expressed nonverbally.

• In that case, how can we possibly communicate with one another without gestures?

• Communications expert, Mario Pei, once estimated that humans can produce up to 700,000 different physical signs.

• Birdwhistell estimates that the face alone is capable of producing 250,000 expressions.

• Researcher M. H. Krout identified 5,000 distinct hand gestures that he believed had verbal equivalents while another researcher in kinesics, G. W. Hewes, has cataloged 1,000 different postures and their accompanying gestures.

Subtle psychology of gestures

• Do we expect other cultures to adopt our customs, or are we willing to adopt theirs? This might translate to how business or even foreign relations are to be conducted.

• Do we compromise or force our associate to deal only on our terms?

• You may not have time to learn a language, but taking time to learn the "signals" can make you a powerful communicator.

A simple handshake can spoil all

• Middle East: When you shake hands, a gentle grip is appropriate. Don't grip the hand firmly. A firm grip suggests aggression.

• Japan, Korea: Gentle handshake , not firm - and try to avoid direct eye contact. Staring at someone is intimidating and disrespectful.

• US and most of Europe: Firm handshake, direct eye contact. Gripping a limp hand is distasteful. Often compared to "grasping a dead fish."

Hongi - rubbing noses and sharing breath as a greeting

The Maori tribespeople in New Zealand choose even today to greet each other with

a gesture that seems to epitomize closeness and friendship: they rub noses.

An attempt to rub noses with Chinese or Eskimos will mean much, much more intimacy.

Meals

• In Tonga, when a chief visited a home, the hosts served him enormous portions of food and no one else could eat until he finished. Then they ate the leftovers. Additionally, Tongans will not accept food until it is offered at least three times.

• For Javanese, too, food must be offered three times before guests can accept it. Filipinos and Koreans, as well, frequently wait until after the third invitation before accepting.

How to eat

• Muslim countries: when the food is served, no utensils are placed on the table, and the guests begin eating with their fingers - a fork or a spoon would insult others.

• People from Arabic countries, parts of Africa, India, Sri Lanka, and certain parts of the Philippines often eat with their fingers from a common platter. They expect their guests to follow suit. It would be insulting to refuse. However, guests need to be observant about the ways in which hosts carry out the maneuver, for there are
  a number of variations in style.

• Indians from northern India, for example, do not put their fingers into the food beyond the second joint of the fingers, whereas people from southern India insert their entire hand into the food.

• Regardless of where people come from or what their particular eating style may be, those who eat with their hands only use the right hand for touching food or drink. 

Offering gifts (China, Japan)

• Avoid giving umbrellas, knives, scissors, and clocks as. gifts.

• Cash gifts to the Chinese should be in even numbers and given with both hands.

• Don't expect the Chinese to open gifts in front of the donor. Don't open gifts in front of the Japanese.

• Avoid wrapping gifts for the Japanese in either black

• or white paper.

• Don't give the Japanese gifts that number four.

• Avoid giving wedding gifts, such as teacups, in even numbers because they can be divided.

Kolor też jest ważny - A Word About Color

Colors and graphics have strong cultural associations that should be taken into account when localizing. Did you ever think that the color green could be offensive? In some cultures green stands for evil and jealousy. It can symbolize both life and death. This doesn’t necessarily mean green can’t be used—but you should be sure it is being used in an appropriate manner. Ked and gold are the colors of" prosperity and good luck in China, yet the Chinese see the color black, used extensively in U.S. packaging, as a symbol for death.

Lucky Numbers in Different Countries

• THREE is a lucky number in many countries. In China, it is good to have THREES in your phone number. People say: "Good things always come in THREES”. THREE stands for the Holy Trinity. It also stands for the beginning, the middle and the end.

• FOUR is an unlucky number in China. The Chinese word for FOUR sounds like "death".

• Many Chinese people do not want the number FOUR in their house number or phone number.

• But: FOUR is a lucky number in Europe, North America and Australia. The FOUR-leaf clover is a symbol of luck.

• SEVEN is a lucky number in most cultures. But: SEVEN is an unlucky number in China. The Chinese word SEVEN sounds like gone. Numbers ending in SEVEN are unlucky in Kenya.

• NINE is lucky in China and Japan. The word "NINE" means "everlasting".

• THIRTEEN is an unlucky number in many countries. In the USA, hotels often have no room THIRTEEN. Skyscrapers often have no 13th floor. In the Bible, Judas Iscariot was the 13th man at the Last Supper. Many people think Friday the 13th is an unlucky day for travels. This is a lucky number in Islam. This number means: "In the name of Allah"

• How about 666 ? It is "the devil's number" in the Book of Revelation of the New Testament.

Makrokontekst

N - nadawca, O - odbiorca, k - komunikat j - język, W - wiedza pozajęzykowa

Zadanie tłumacza

Co mamy zrobić z tekstem?

• Globalization ¡s the process of designing your product MI that it can be sold anywhere in the world with minor revision.

• Internationalization is the process of engineering a product so that it can be easily and efficiently localized.

• Localization is the process of customizing a product for consumers in
  a target market so, when they use it, they form the impression it was designed by a native of their country.

• Translation is the process of converting the written word of a source language into the written word of a target language. Translation is part of localization.

• Interpretation is the process of converting the spoken word of a source language into the spoken word of H target language.

Co trzeba umieć?

Łacina, greka, ortografia, gramatyka, fizyka, chemia, matematyka, pojęcia podstawowe, skróty Dobra znajomość języka oryginału i docelowego Dobra znajomość słownictwa z dziedziny, której dotyczy tekst; znajomość języka branży i powszechnie stosowanego żargonu Dobra znajomość nazw firm z danej dziedziny Przygotowanie fachowe Zainteresowanie przedmiotem tłumaczenia Doświadczenie w tłumaczeniu i kwalifikacje lingwistyczne.

Nikt nie ma wszystkich tych cech naraz ...

Kto to są tłumacze przysięgli

Tłumacz przysięgłyjest osobą zaufania publicznego i jest uprawniony do:

1. sporządzania i poświadczania tłumaczeń z języka obcego na język polski, z języka polskiego na język obcy, a także do sprawdzania i poświadczania tłumaczeń w tym zakresie, sporządzonych przez inne osoby;

2. sporządzania poświadczonych odpisów pism w języku obcym, sprawdzania
   poświadczania odpisów pism, sporządzonych w danym języku obcym przez inne osoby;

3. dokonywania tłumaczenia ustnego.