Egzamin z Gramatyki Opisowej 2010

część MORPHOLOGY

1. function of affixes

	function		meaning	example
- er - or - ant - ee - Ø	The suffix forms agentive nouns	(Nomina Agentis)	Sb that professionally v-es sth	baker actor applicant standee cook
- er - or - ant - ing	The suffix forms instrumental nouns	(Nomina Instrumenti)	An instrument (tool, machine) that V-es.	computer calculator absorbent covering
-ee conversion	patientive	Patientive nominalization	Sb who is/has been V-ed	nominee/employee suspect
conversion residual types: ing ation ment ure	objective	Objective/Resultative nominalization	Sth which is/has been V-ed	drink painting publication payment/attachment enclosure

2. restrictions (zastrzeżenia) that the following suffixes impost on their possible bases.

• al, as in arrival

when -al goes with verbs -> bisyllabic verbs

There is one monosyllabic verb ending in -al: try - trial

szymanek (Weakly productive. Semantic regularity: the suffix attaches almost exclusively to resultative-transitive verbs (BUT: arrival). Two conditions: (1) end-stressed verb, (2) the stressed vowel in the base is followed by an optional sonorant, followed by an optional anterior consonant. The verb is usually bi syllabic (BUT: trial < try)

Examples: arrival (<arrive), betrayal, denial, dismissal, dispersal, disposal, perusal, refusal, rehearsal, removal, reversal, revival

BUT: burial (<bury) )

wisedome

wisdom

residual noun;

wisdom

pronunciation (the great vowel shift): wise (i = aɪ) wisdom (i = I )

Because of consonant cluster (s+t) the vowel proceeding it was shortened.

3. suffixes that form deadjectival nouns and provide one example for each.

NOMINA ESSENDI

• ness (shyness)

• ity (-ty, -y) (curiosity)

• ance, -ancy, - ence, -ency (efficiency)

• acy (accuracy)

• itude (solitude)

• ism (pessimism)

• residual nouns

• - th (depth)

• - dom (wisdom)

• - hood (likelihood)

• - ion (precision)

4. discuss problematic cases for the motion of morpheme as a unit of form and meaning.

szymanek

morpheme - the smallest individually meaningful element in the utterances of a language

problems with the approach:

1. empty morphemes - units of form without meaning (par-o-wóz, dw-u piętrowy, malin-a, cran-berry)

2. zero morphemes (ø) - units of meaning without overt (jawny) formal expression (g.sg. lamp-ø, a cook-ø<to cook)

5. syntax

a Russian student (uczeń z Rosji, uczeń j. rosyjskiego - drzewka)

6. according to X-bar theory [phrase-askers]

Many teachers in our country voted for this candidate in the general elections

The man that you met in the park is extremely fond of horses.

7. Phrase workers, according to the minimalism

She would like to go straight to the police.

Should she be so proud of her son?

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