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pause. The degree of lowering varies between speakera. Although [a₂] may, with some native speakers, be as open as Połish a, the student is adrised to avoid such exaggeration. As in the case of [»j], the letter r is not pronounced. [»₂] is clearly longer than [a j ]- Exampies (according to spelling):

-er:

dinner	bigger	bitter	fmger	better	letter	hatter
matter	ladder	summer	supper	under	upper	docker
^po“’	murder	order	ahotter	farmer	^8411 cer	neuter
doli ar coli ar vicar scholar bursar lunar beggar

-o(u)r:

doctor victor colour humour lionour harbour nimour -ur(e), -yr, -ir:

murmur figurę martyr satyr tapir zephyr -a:

Anna E»a Russia Persia Canada Africa soda Notę 1. Both yariants occur in the following words:

'murderer, ‘Canada, Sep'tember, aftacker, pedformer, A'merica Notę 2. When words with Gnał [a] are used in a phrase or a sente: so that [a] does not immediately precede a breath pause, the voweł ■ realised as [a^], e-g:

Dinner is ready. Better late than never. Upper dasses.

Doctor 9 fee. Anna and Tom. Dollars and centa. Bigger than you.

& ^

3. Exercise with [a] and [i]

§ 43. When reading the paire of words below, bear in mind that tł^ contrasted items are stressed only in tlie left-hand columns.

A. Examples with unstressed [i]:

fnh	selfish	him	yictim	fit	profit
bit	orbit	lip	tu lip	dish	radish
get	taiget	net	signet	test	swiftest
pet	carpet	red	hundred	less	roofless

B. Examples with [a], always unstressed: pan saucepan bus rebus    tar

land	Crcenland man	freeman	on	London
add	address for	forget	per	perform
ai|i	support off	offend	at	attack

I, Im mu pies of words where the unstressed vowel may drop out completeły

. tut    | Kulani    tunc    fortunę    on    cordon

■' |«nl|    |'pednt|    |tju:n|    |'fo:t/n)    [on]    ['ko:dn|

CnIih (a) with the article a, (b) with the article an, (c) other combinations:

L d-k ii	i deck	ant	an ant	dress	address
1 w,., k ,	i błock	egg	an egg	port	support
I Mlii	i stick	arm	an arm	test	attest
.......U a	i cook	aas	an ass	rest	arrest
[hm- i	i horse	orb	an orb	tend	attend
1 ’	i cat	order	an order	form	perform
willi	unstressed
i filtr	be^łfore	form	de'form	tum	re^łtum
L «H	be>sct	test	de'test	form	reform
^ Wllih	be'witch	part	de'part	fresh	re'fresh
>11. Willi	unstressed	[i] and [•]:
Hhi»	slceper	creepy	creeper	copy copper
1 miii,	coffer	corky	corker	rocky rocker
1 ^M,t	Hitler	fully	fuller	Betty better

English diphthongs

ii diphthong we understand a sequence of two vowels which k single syllable. In such a situation one of them is syllabic I (lic nucleus of a syllable) and the other is non-syllabic. In u diphthong we start articulating the first vowel and immediately |łl (lic next. Thus, in Polish, in the word auto, we can distinguish Hhłlilliniif' nu, wlicre the first element is the vowel c and the second | iioii syllabic u, i.e. ji, so that the complete diphthong can be mu, a", ot simply au, and the whole word can be written III ilii Iii. A similar diphthong au occurs in the word nauka, if it Hiiiilicml uh a disyllabic word, as it may also be pronounced as I "i ll ililr word: na-u-ka. In the word rozmaity a diphthong also _^Bj|||.|i It is rcalised as a three-syllabic word: roz-mai-ty, although iliKld..... pronunciation is roz-ma-i-ty, and then there is no diphthong.

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