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pause. The degree of lowering varies between speakera. Although [*2] may, with somc native speakera, be as open as Poiish a, the student is advised to avoid such exaggeration. As in the case of [*jl» the letter r is not pronounced. [sj] is dearly longer than [a j]- Examples (according to spelling):

-er:

dinner    bigger    bitter    finger    bet tir    letter    hatter

matter    ladder    summer    supper    under    upper    docker

porter    raurder    order    shotter    farmer    saucer    neuter

dollar coli ar vicar scholar bursar lunar beggar -o(u)r:

doctor victor cołour humour honour harbour rumour

-ur(e), -yr, -ir:

murmur figurę martyr satyr tapir rephyr

Anna Eva Russia Peiaia Canada Africa soda Notę 1. Both variants occur in the following words:

'murderer, 'Canada, Sep'tember, at'tacker, pedformer, A'merica Notę 2. When words with finał [a] are uscd in a phrase or a sentence so that [3] does not immediatdy precede a breath pause, the vowd ■ realised as ]3j ], e.g:

Dinner is ready. Better late than never. Upper daeses.

Dociera fee. Anna and Tom. Dollars and centa. Bigger than you.

s- ^

3. Exercise with [•] and [i]

§ 43. When reading the pairs of words below, bear in mind that the contrasted items are stressed only in the left-hand columns.

A. Examples with unstressed [i]:

r»h	selfidt	him	yictim	fit	profit
bit	orbit	lip	tulip	di sli	radish
(?«	taiget	net	signet	test	swiftest
pet	carpet	red	hundred	less	roofless

B. Exampies with [a], always unstressed: pan aaucepan bus rebus    tar

land Creenland	min	freeman	on	London
•dd address	for	forget	per	perform
aup support	off	offend	at	attack

I, iMimiples of words where the unstressed vowel may drop out completely

•ni pedant    tune    fortunę    on    cordon

|»nl I |'pednt|    |tju:n)    |'fo:t/n|    (on) |'ko:dn|

...... (a) with the artide a, (b) with the artide an, (c) other combinations:

L lisek 1	i deck	ant	an ant	dress address
U«"k .	i błock	«gg	•n egg	port support
P Mlrk ■	i stick	ara	an arm	test attest
•Mik I	i cook	ass	an ass	rest arrest
hunr i	i horse	orb	an orb	tend attend
, Ml •	i cat	order	an order	form perform
|*Ml«n Willi	unstressed	[i]=
► H*N>	be'fore	form	de'form	tum ie'tum
M>l		test	de'te8t	form re'form
Wilde	be*witch	part	de'part	fresh rdfresh
C«i<« w Uh	unstressed	[i] and [•]:
. llsspy	sleeper	cteepy	creeper	copy copper
Mill»«	coffer	corky	corker	rocky rocker
k Nil	•łtter	fulJy	fuUer	Betty better

IV

English diphthongs

• diphthong we understand a sequence of two vowds which ||| a single syllable. In such a situation one of them is syllabic ^H^Hiii" the nucleus of a syllable) and the other is non-syliabic. In “ diphthong we start articulating the first vowd and immediately III* inixt. Tlius, in Polish, in the word auto, we can distinguish ^^HMllhong au, where the first element is the vowd c and the second « iiou-syllabic u, Le. p, so that the complete diphthong can be OU. o", or simply au, and the whole word can be written dli t<> A similar diphthong au occurs in the word nauka, if it ^HM!i»"•' <''I tu* a disyllabic word, as it may also be pronounced as ^^^^Hwllalile word: na uka. In the word rozmaity a diphthong also H| trhtn li is realised as a three-syllabic word: roz mai ty, although HjtHlil«<a pronunciation is roz ma i ty, and then there is no diphthong.

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