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cavity than for Polish o, (2) it is morę open, i.e. the space between the back of the tongue and the vełum is considerably larger than during Polish o, and (3) the lipa have a morę rounded shape than during Polish o. It also aounds a littlc similar to Polish a, but should not be replaced either by Polish o or a. It should be pronounced as a sound in some way in-termediate between the two Polish vowels, according to the above remarks. At any ratę, it is closer to Polish o than to a:

pot, not, lot, got, shot, spot, lock, cock, dock, stock, sock, błock, top, stop, drop, shop, box, fox, ox, phlox, lost, cost, hot, hop

Notę 1. In the position before a voiced consonant, [o] is slighdy longer than before voiceless consonants:

Bob, job, rob, snob, odd, nod, rod, trod, frog, dog, fog, log, flog, dog Notę 2. In the position before [m, n, 17], [o] is not to be nasalized:

Tom, John, bomb, from, on, pond, fond. blond, song. long, strong, wrong Notę 3. In longer words [o] is somewhat shorter than in monosyllabic words: copy, coffec, rocky, hobby, solid, robin, topie, comic, body Coinpare:

top topie snob snobbish fog foggy rock rocket

Notę 4. Short [o] is to be clearly differentiated from short [a]:

[a] is morę front, dightly less open, and pronounced without any lip rounding.

[o] is fully back, nearly open, with the lips in an open rounded position. Compare:

duli doli    nut not    hick lock    rub rob

bu8 boss    bug bog    pump pomp    stuck stock

b. Long o, Le.

rn 17. Knglish |o:|, tongue position

Fig. 18. Position of the lips

H JĄ. Thia vowel is also similar to Polish o, but (1) it is longer, (2) it is alłglitly morę close, Le. the space between the back of the tongue and the Itliif of the inouth is sornewhat smali er than during Polish o, and (3) it I* pronounced with the lips morę closely rounded than during Polish o. II In the spelling of this vowel sound the letter r occurs, it is not pronounced, lUI as in the case of [a:]. Care should also be taken to keep the jaw and ||łA tongue in the same position throughout the vowel, with out any tałsing, to ensure that [o:] has a stable quality, without any diphthongization: mw, law, paw, claw, Shaw, draw, straw, lawn, dawn, drawn, yawn, hawk, crawl |i»unr, cuuse, haul, taught, caught, Maud, fraud, haunt, caul, taunt (mik, York, cork, fork, port, sport, short, horse, force, com, lord, or, for, nor, UiMir, lorę, chore, snore, wore, borę, oar, roar, soar, bo ar, bo ar ci, hoard

Nule I These sets of words have the same pronunciation:

IW or oar Shaw shore borę boar law lorę MW aore soar

Nule 2. l.ong’ and ‘short’ o should be cleariy differentiated. [o:] is morę and longer, [o] is morę open and shorter:

•Imil diol sport spot cork cock port pot

Nule I. [o:] should also be differentiated from [a:], which is completely tiiiMii, not so back, and pronounced with the lips in a ncutral position, wMImuiI uny visible rounding:

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