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Fig. 38a. English |au), position of the    Fig. 38b. English (aul, position of the

lipa at the beginning of articulation    lips at the end of articulation

During the articulation of English [au] attention should be paid to the following:

(1)    [au] is a diphthong and not a long voweI; thus it must not be replaced by long [o:] (*o and saw do not rhyme).

(2)    This being a diphthong, tiie positions of the tongue, the' lips and the degree of jaw opening are different at the beginning and at the end of articulation. The tongue, together with the lower jaw, should rise a little, and the lips should become morę rounded (Fig. 38a and b). ^{1 2}

Oiimparr the paire:

	irtony	poke poker	Iow lower	soap	soapy
liiMir	bony	joke joker	slow dower	load	loaded
.|.«r	doeely	pole polar	aow sower	toast	toaster
Nul* H.	[»u] must	be carefully differentiated from [<		>:]:
MW	80	law Iow
|(W	Jo*	raw roe
Kh.w	diow	paw Poe
gnaw	know	awe oh
IM.r	no	for foe
Paul	Pole	bali bowl	hawl hole	cali	coal
law n	loan	tom tonę	shom ghown	moum moan
r lord	load	cord codę	form foam	hall	whote
York	yoke	fork folk	bom bonę	Po*	poke
N«te d.	[sul should be differentiated from [oi]. In			[oi] the first el
Is fnlly	back and morę open (like		Polish o).
Thrre h	; also less lip movement:
Joy	Jo*	boil bowl	noige nogę
h°y	bow	soil sole	toys toes
	toe	join Joan	boya bow a
Itoy	me	coin cone	choice choge
Notę 5. [u:] and [ru] should be dearly differentiated:
boot	boat	cool coli	rade road	blew btow
root	wrote	fooi foal	mood modę	crew crow
nioot	moat	nile role	chooae chose	flew flow
hoop	hope	pool Pole	noon known	grew grow

Notę 6. [au] and [tu] should also be differentiated:

now	no	out	oat	foul	foal	loud	load
noun	known	about	a boat	pouch	poach	couch	coach
how	hoe	now	know	cow	dow	owi	bowl
town	tonę	•ow(n)	R0W(»)	IOW*	row^3 4	found	phoned
Notę 7.	[au] Bhould	be differentiated from (•:]:
go«l	gid	tonę	tum	own	eam	bonę	bum
go	gir	woke	work	boast	bu rat	coast	cursed

1

   This is a narrow diphthong, i.e. the shift in tongue position is rather smali. For this reason the lip movement, which is reminiscent of a fish swallowing, is especially important.

2

   Both the initial and finał elements differ from Polish o and u. Together with the morę gradual naturę of the tongue shift and the morę pronounced lip movement, this makes the diphthong quite unlike Polish on.

In word-finał position and before voiced consonants, [au] is quite long: no, go, so, Joe, toe, roe, foe, Pole, role, hole, whole, sole, mole, stole, bonę, stone, home, Romę, modę, ode, codę, grove, stove, nose, rosę, pose coal, goaŁ Joan, loan, foam, road, load, toad blown, own, flown, shown

Notę 1. Before voiceless consonants [au] is somewhat shorter:

hope, pope, ropę, slope, coke, joke, yoke, sraoke, spoke, broke, notę, vote boat, coat, goat, boast, toast, coast, coach, soap, cloak, oak, soak

Compare the pairs:

road wrote    robę ropę codę coat bodę boat ode oat

Notę 2. In longer words [au] is shortened accordingjy.

3

row |r»ul, ąu ariel 'row [r*u|. linę

4

5S