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Fig. 25. English |ae], tonguc position    Fig. 26. Position of the lios

§ 33. This vowel is similar to Polish c in such words as chleb, bez, but it is clearly broader, morę open. During its articulation the lower jaw should be dropped rather Iow, the tip of the tongue should be touching the front lower teeth and the sides, or ‘rims’, of the tongue should rest on the gums of the lower molars. Although [aa] is included among the so-called short vowds, it is noticeably longer than 'short’ [e] or the other ‘short’ vowels, even when it occurs in the positions before voicełess consonants. It must not be replaced either by Polish e or by Polish a. In fact it is not precisely intermediate between the two Polish vowels, because it is morę front than a and lower than e.

Examples:

map, cap, tap, bat, cat, chat, fat, Hat, catch, match, Jack, black, pack, sack, caah, ash, fact, act, pact, tact, ta*. fla*, wax, asa, ma**, łasa, gaa, scalp

Notę L Before voiced consonants, especially before [b, d, g], [ae] is cleariy prolonged, or simply long:

bad, glad, sad, dad, bag. flag, stag, jazz, cab, atab, crab, mad Compare the pairs:

bat bad    cap cab    sat sad    back bag    lass jazz

stack stag    mat mad    flax flaga    ta* taga

capa cabs atacka atags

Notę 2. Before [m, n r}J, nasalization of the vowd should be avoided: man, plan, elan, can, Ann, stand, land, sand, band, ham, jam, camp, lamp, stamp, hang, bang, thank

Nule 3. In longer words [ae] is somewhat shorter than in monosyllabic

words:

habit, rabbit, bandit, vanish, baniah, radish, pałace, rapid, happy, taxi

( mnpare:

band bandy    sand aandy    dad    daddy    mass    massńe

ran ranny    act active activist    fan    fancy fanciful

van «aniah    ban banith    cap    Capital    man    manifest

Notn 4. [ae] and [e] should be carefully differentiated: [e] is higher and •Imrtrr, [ar] is morę open and longer.

.1. | ae] should be differentiated from [a]: [ae] is completcly front •ml longer, |a] is central and short.

liHfllpan	n the pairs:
hal	hul	match	much
• »t	rui	track	truck
liail	bud	lamp	lump
ha*	lam	pant	punt
palt	ptin	lack	luck
eap	eup	drank	dnink
NmW. b,	Carefully	differentiate between [e], [		ae] and [a]:
pan	pan pun		bed bad	bud
•fan	ran nin		peck pack	puck
bel	bal but		beg bag	bug
Nllle /	Carefully	differentiate between [i], [e], [aa			]. [a]:
Mn	pen pan	pun	big beg	bag	bug
Ml	het bat	but	bid bed	bad	bud
(In	len fan	łun	ban Ben	ban	bun

' 'Htipare the paiis:

hel	bat	set	sat
Ud	bad	peck	pack
I*.	luft	less	łasa
men	man	lend	land
.....	pan	wren	ran
*ay	taxi	reddish	radish

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