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a b. Long a, Łe. |a:|

Fig. 13. Engiish [a:], tongue position    Fig. 14. Position of the lips

§ 21. The Engiish [a:] differs from Polish a in two respecls. (1) It is morę back, morę guttural (the tongue is Iow, and its back part in particular is pulled to the back of the mouth cavity, with a large space left between the tongue and the roof of the mouth). As a result, Polish speakera tend to confuse it with Polish o. (2) It is much longer. The letter r, which together with a sen'es as a common spelling of this long vowel, is not pronounced, except when it becomes a linking [rj (see § 99). Thus in the following pairs [a:] is identical:

pa* - parse khaki - car key vase - bars Other examples:

far, star, bar, jar, arm, farm, charm, harm, yam, bam, dam, tam, yard, hard, card, bard

Notę 1. Before yoiceless consonants, [a:] is slightly shorter:

ark, bark, dark, lark, mark, park, carp, sharp, harp, art, part, start, scarf Notę 2. In longer words [a:] is somewhat shorter than in monosyllabic words:

part party    arm army    carp carpet    hard hardy    art artist

Notę 3. In contrast with the ‘short’ [a], the ‘long’ [a:] is not ónly longer but also (1) deeper, morę guttural, and (2) morę ętjjen: ^

cut cart    cup carp    bud bard    luck lark    duck dark    fu* farce

INole 4. As the above remarks imply, [a:] can have three degrees of Irugth, as illustrated, from the shortest to the longest, in these seąuences: carler cart card harvest heart hard party part bard

c. Exercise for the vowels [a] and [a:]

| 22. Apply the above observations. Remember that the letter r is not

t nronoiinced.

[ Words with [a:] and [a]:

|m>h far, farm, farmer, bar, bark, barber, basket, barn, car, carp, star, Staff, start, starter, mar, art, arch, archer, jar; fuss, such, hunt, luck, trunk, fussy, (lunky, rush, pump, duck, sup, club, mud, shrub

(lonlruHting pairs with [a] and [*:].

llurk dark

llirk lark liliok bark flip carp

3. Short and long o a. Short o, Le. [o]

t in IR. Engiish |o], tongue position    Fig. 16. Position of the lips

| 11. Thto vowel is similar to Polish o, but (1) it is morę back, Le. the bngiic, or morę precisely, its back part, is placed deeper in the mouth

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